Build Your Own Ultrasonic Sensor To Measure Distances With Arduino
The ultrasonic sensor with Arduino allows us to measure distances through ultrasound. It is very common to find this type of sensor in today’s cars. The objective is to show how we can build real systems with this prototyping board. I will elaborate on the connection between the components and the code necessary to make it work. How the Arduino ultrasonic sensor actually works To measure distances with Arduino we can do it in different ways. There is the infrared sensor, which uses the properties of light to calculate distance, and the Arduino ultrasonic sensor uses the properties of sound propagation to measure distances. More specifically uses ultrasound. These types of sound waves are above the spectrum audible to humans. The operation is very simple. The sensor sends an ultrasonic wave through the trigger, bounces off the object, and the receiver or echo detects the wave. Knowing how long this wave has taken to travel, we can know the distance. You only need to use the famous speed formula: Where s is speed, d the time traveled and t is time. If we clear the space, it would be as follows. d = s x t The value of speed is known to us as the sound travels at 343 meters per second. Time will be returned to us by the Arduino Ultrasonic Sensor via the Arduino API. With all this we can calculate how far an object is. [icon name = »lightbulb-o» class = »» unprefixed_class = »»] The speed of sound is 343 m / s at a temperature of 20º C. The speed increases or decreases 0.6 m / s per degree centigrade. We can be more exact if we use a temperature sensor like the LM35. Therefore, it is important to know the frequencies of the audible spectrum. We should only stay with the frequency range of 20 Hz (hertz) to 20 kHz (kilohertz). At around 20 Hz the sound is very low. As we go up the frequency, the sound becomes increasingly sharp. This will serve to alert us that we are approaching an obstacle when parking. We can’t expect a hi-fi system with an Arduino buzzer either, but it does give us the ability to generate audible tones for alarms and even some easily recognizable musical tune. Alert system with LEDs Finally, we incorporated the visual alert system for the Arduino ultrasonic sensor. This allows us to visualize whether we are near or far from an obstacle. With 3 LEDs (green, yellow and red) we can determine if we are far, near or in a danger zone. Necessary components The following list shows you all the necessary material. Arduino UNOBreadboard where we will connect the componentsCables to make connections3 220 Ω resistors1 green LED1 yellow LED1 red LED1 Arduino Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)1 buzzerUltrasonic sensor, mounting circuit It is a very simple circuit. On the one hand, we will have all the alerts, acoustic and visual, and on the other hand the ultrasound sensor. In the following diagram the connection can be observed. Things to keep in mind: The resistors are 220 Ω and are placed in series with the LEDs. The Arduino ultrasonic sensor connects to two digital pins, one for the trigger and one for the echo or receiver. The Arduino buzzer connects to a PWM output. [icon name = »exclamation-triangle» class = »» unprefixed_class = »»] Try to put the Arduino ultrasonic sensor as close to the edge of the breadboard as possible. Programming the Arduino ultrasonic sensor to measure distance Let’s start with the programming part. The first is a brief description of what we want to achieve. This will help us to pose the general problem and then break it down into smaller pieces. This is called computational thinking, which involves logic, assessment, patterns, automation, and generalisation. The parking system consists of detecting an object through the ultrasonic sensor and warning with light and sound signals. Therefore, we already have the first division, detect the obstacle and alerts with sound and lights. Threshold 1: it is in the green zone from 30 cm to 20 cm. Threshold 2: it is in the yellow zone, from 20 cm to 10 cm. Threshold 3: it is in the red zone, less than 10 cm. [icon name = »exclamation-triangle» class = »» unprefixed_class = »»] It is important to know the operating range of the ultrasound sensor. It normally ranges from 2 cm to 400 cm. Code: // Pins used #define LEDGREEN 2 #define LEDYELLOW 3 #define LEDRED 4 #define TRIGGER 5 #define ECHO 6 #define BUZZER 9 // Constants const float sound = 34300.0; // Sound speech in cm/s const float threshold 1 = 30.0; const float threshold 2 = 20.0; const float threshold 3 = 10.0; void setup() { // Initiate mounting circuit Serial.begin(9600); // Modo entrada/salida de los pines pinMode(LEDGREEN, OUTPUT); pinMode(LEDYELLOW, OUTPUT); pinMode(LEDRED, OUTPUT); pinMode(ECHO, INPUT); pinMode(TRIGGER, OUTPUT); pinMode(BUZZER, OUTPUT); // Turn off the LEDs turnoffLEDs(); } void loop() { // Prepare Ultrasonic sensor initiateTrigger(); // Obtain distance float distance = calculatedistance (); // Turn off LEDs turnoffLEDs(); // Alert if within danger zone if (distance < threshold 1) { // Launch alerts alerts(distance); } } // Turn off LEDs void turnoffLEDs() { // Turn off LEDs digitalWrite(LEDGREEN, LOW); digitalWrite(LEDYELLO, LOW); digitalWrite(LEDRED, LOW); } // Check if any visual or sound alert is required void alerts (float distance) { if (distance < threshold 1 && distance >= threshold 2) { // Turn on LED Green digitalWrite(LEDGREEN, HIGH); tone(BUZZER, 2000, 200); } else if (distance < threshold2 && threshold > threshold3) { // Turn on LED yellow digitalWrite(LEDYELLOW, HIGH); tone(BUZZER, 2500, 200); } else if (distance <= threshold3) { // Turn on LED red digitalWrite(LEDRED, HIGH); tone(BUZZER, 3000, 200); } } // Calculate distance between sound and the object float calculatedistance() { unsigned long time = pulseIn(ECHO, HIGH); float distance = time* 0.000001 * sound / 2.0; Serial.print(distance); Serial.print(“cm”); Serial.println(); delay(500); return distance; } void initiateTrigger() { digitalWrite(TRIGGER, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); digitalWrite(TRIGGER, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(TRIGGER, LOW); }
The ultrasonic sensor with Arduino allows us to measure distances through ultrasound. It is very common to find this type of sensor in today’s cars. The objective is to show how we can build real systems with this prototyping board. I will elaborate on the connection between the components and the code necessary to make […]
The ultrasonic sensor with Arduino allows us to measure distances through ultrasound. It is very common to find this type of sensor in today's cars. The
["arduino"]
["Go", "API", "TPU", "programming_languages:R", "AI", "arduino", "programming_languages:Go", "Git", "automation", "R"]
["AI", "TPU", "R", "Go", "Git", "API", "automation", "programming_languages:R", "programming_languages:Go"]
Dean at Woxsen School of Business. He is a registered expert in Artificial intelligence, Intelligent Systems, Multi-agent Systems at the European Commission, and has been nominated for the Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe 2020 list.