Introduction To Keras Graph Convolutional Neural Network(KGCNN) &#038; Ragged Tensor
Graph Neural Networks is a neural network architecture that has recently become more common in research publications and real-world applications.  And since neural graph networks require modified convolution and pooling operators, many Python packages like PyTorch Geometric, StellarGraph, and DGL have emerged for working with graphs.  In Keras Graph Convolutional Neural Network(kgcnn) a straightforward and flexible integration of graph operations into the TensorFlow-Keras framework is achieved using RaggedTensors. It contains a set of TensorFlow-Keras layer classes that can be used to build graph convolution models. The package also includes standard bench-mark graph datasets such as Cora,45 MUTAG46, and QM9. The main problem with handling graphs is their variable size. This makes graph data hard to arrange in tensors. For example, placing small charts of different sizes in mini-batches poses a problem with fixed-sized tensors. One way to solve this problem is to use zero-padding with masking or composite tensors. Another is disjoint representation. This entails joining the small graphs into a single large graph without connecting the individual subgraphs. Graphs are usually represented by an adjacency matrix ???? of shape ([batch], N, N), which has ???????????? = 1if the graph has an edge between nodes i and j and 0 otherwise. When represented using Tensors, graphs are stored using: Node list n of shape ([batch], N, F)A connection table of edge indices of incoming and outgoing node m with shape([batch], M, 2)Corresponding edge feature list e of shape ([batch], M, F). Here, N denotes the number of nodes, F denotes the node representation dimension, and M the number of edges. RaggedTensors are the TensorFlow equivalent of nested variable-length lists. With RaggedTensors, graphs can be represented using just the node features and edge index lists a flexible tensor dimension that incorporates different numbers of nodes and edges. For example, a ragged node tensor of shape ([batch], None, F) can accommodate a flexible graph size in the second dimension. A ragged tensor should not be confused with a sparse tensor, it is a dense tensor with an irregular shape.  The key difference is that a ragged tensor keeps track of where each row begins and ends, whereas a sparse tensor tracks each item’s coordinates. This difference can be illustrated using the concatenation operation: Implementing MEGNet using KCGNN Install KGCNN Install from source by cloning the repository: git clone https://github.com/aimat-lab/gcnn_keras pip install -e ./gcnn_keras or install using pip: pip install kgcnn Import necessary library and classes import math import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf import tensorflow.keras as ks import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline from sklearn.utils import shuffle from kgcnn.data.qm.qm9 import qm9_graph from kgcnn.literature.Megnet import getmodelMegnet,softplus2 from kgcnn.utils.learning import lr_lin_reduction Download and prepare the data # Download Dataset qm9_data = qm9_graph() y_data = qm9_data[0][:,7]*27.2114  #select LUMO in eV x_data = qm9_data[1:] #Scale output y_mean = np.mean(y_data) y_data = (np.expand_dims(y_data,axis=-1)-y_mean) data_unit = 'eV' #Make test/train split VALSIZE = 100 TRAINSIZE = 2000 print("Training Size:",TRAINSIZE," Validation Size:",VALSIZE ) inds = np.arange(len(y_data)) inds = shuffle(inds) ind_val = inds[:VALSIZE ] ind_train = inds[VALSIZE:(VALSIZE + TRAINSIZE)] # Select train/test data xtrain = [[x[i] for i in ind_train] for x in x_data] ytrain = y_data[ind_train] xval = [[x[i] for i in ind_val] for x in x_data] yval = y_data[ind_val] Convert the feature lists into RaggedTensors def make_ragged(inlist): return tf.RaggedTensor.from_row_lengths(np.concatenate(inlist,axis=0), np.array([len(x) for x in inlist],dtype=np.int)) #Make ragged graph tensors plus normal tensor for graph state xval = [make_ragged(x) for x in xval[:3]] + [tf.constant(xval[3])] xtrain = [make_ragged(x) for x in xtrain[:3]] + [tf.constant(xtrain[3])] Create and train the model model =  getmodelMegnet( # Input input_node_shape = [None], input_edge_shape = [None,20], input_state_shape = [1], input_node_vocab = 10, input_node_embedd = 16, input_edge_embedd = 16, input_type = 'ragged', # Output output_embedd = 'graph', #Only graph possible for megnet output_use_bias = [True,True,True], output_dim = [32,16,1], output_activation = ['softplus2','softplus2','linear'], output_type = 'padded', #Model specs is_sorted = True, has_unconnected = False, nblocks = 3, n1= 64, n2 = 32, n3= 16, set2set_dim = 16, use_bias = True, act = 'softplus2', l2_coef = None, has_ff = True, dropout = None, dropout_on_predict = False, use_set2set = True, npass= 3, set2set_init = '0', set2set_pool = "sum" ) learning_rate_start = 0.5e-3 learning_rate_stop = 1e-5 epo = 500 epomin = 400 optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=learning_rate_start) cbks = tf.keras.callbacks.LearningRateScheduler(lr_lin_reduction(learning_rate_start,learning_rate_stop,epomin,epo)) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer=optimizer, metrics=['mean_absolute_error', 'mean_squared_error']) print(model.summary()) trainlossall = [] testlossall = [] validlossall = [] epostep = 10 hist = model.fit(xtrain, ytrain, epochs=epo, batch_size=64, callbacks=[cbks], validation_freq=epostep, validation_data=(xval,yval), verbose=2 ) trainlossall = hist.history['mean_absolute_error'] testlossall = hist.history['val_mean_absolute_error'] trainlossall =np.array(trainlossall) testlossall = np.array(testlossall) mae_valid = np.mean(np.abs(yval-model.predict(xval))) Actual value vs Predicted value plot of the MEGNet model created using KGCNN Collab NotebookGitHubKGCNN PaperMEGNet Paper
KGCNN offers a straightforward and flexible integration of graph operations into the Tensorflow-Keras framework using RaggedTensors.
KGCNN offers a straightforward and flexible integration of graph operations into the Tensorflow-Keras framework using RaggedTensors.
["graph convulationsl networks", "graph neural networks", "Keras", "keras python", "Python Libraries"]
["NumPy", "Keras", "AI", "Python Libraries", "neural network", "PyTorch", "graph convulationsl networks", "keras python", "RAG", "Ray", "Aim", "Matplotlib", "graph neural networks", "TensorFlow"]
["AI", "neural network", "Aim", "Ray", "TensorFlow", "PyTorch", "Keras", "NumPy", "Matplotlib", "RAG"]
A machine learning enthusiast with a knack for finding patterns. In my free time, I like to delve into the world of non-fiction books and video essays.