The CDC did NOT find the “overwhelming majority of people getting coronavirus wore masks.” A writer at The Federalist did. Here’s why she’s wrong and 3 tips to accurate reporting on scientific studies. – Dynamics of Writing
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The CDC did NOT find the “overwhelming majority of people getting coronavirus wore masks.” A writer at The Federalist did. Here’s why she’s wrong and 3 tips to accurate reporting on scientific studies.
Students often ask why they need to take statistics for a degree in journalism. This article is Patient Zero for that answer:
The article comes from Jordan Davidson of The Federalist, an online conservative publication that covers a variety of topics, including politics, art and culture. Its previous coverage on COVID-19 has been labeled “pseudo-science” and criticized for its scientific content coming from “writers not known for their epidemiological expertise.”
Charles Bethea’s review of The Federalist’s coronavirus coverage, linked above, focuses more on the publication’s commentary. In Davidson’s article about masks, however, the content looks legit at first glance:
A Centers for Disease Control report released in September shows that masks and face coverings are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even for those people who consistently wear them.
Davidson cites this data from the study to support that information:
A study conducted in the United States in July found that when they compared 154 “case-patients,” who tested positive for COVID-19, to a control group of 160 participants from the same health care facility who were symptomatic but tested negative, over 70 percent of the case-patients were contaminated with the virus and fell ill despite “always” wearing a mask.
“In the 14 days before illness onset, 71% of case-patients and 74% of control participants reported always using cloth face coverings or other mask types when in public,” the report stated.
This isn’t exactly what the headline or the lead says, but it does look impressive, and the quote from the study is accurately written. No chops, no rewrites.
The evidence against masks looks even more damning here:
Despite over 70 percent of the case-patient participants’ efforts to follow CDC recommendations by committing to always wearing face coverings at “gatherings with ≤10 or >10 persons in a home; shopping; dining at a restaurant; going to an office setting, salon, gym, bar/coffee shop, or church/religious gathering; or using public transportation,” they still contracted the virus.
So why is the CDC still yammering on about masks, despite this research?
Because this is a case of relying on an accurate study, reading only the parts that matter to the writer and reporting erroneously based on that. And this is why stats (and the ability to read them within research) matter to you as a journalist.
First, let’s look at the headline again, compared to what the study says. The headline says “overwhelming majority of people,” implying that everyone out there wearing a mask throughout the country (or maybe even around the world) is getting COVID-19 regardless of their masking. The study says that it examined 154 people who had tested positive at specific health care facilities and 160 people who had symptoms of COVID-19 but tested negative at those same facilities.
In other words, we’re looking at a sample of about 314 people. That’s a far cry from what the headline indicates. (More on this later.)
Second, Davidson cherry picks the data and does it in a way that I don’t think she fully understands. The authors of the study reported that 71 percent of the people who tested positive and 74 percent of the people who did not told researchers that they “always” wore a mask.
The first thing I noted in the chart Davidson posted was that the significance value meant to show differences between the groups was almost comically non-significant (p= 0.86), meaning the control group and the infected group were not statistically different in how often they wore masks. (For stat geeks interested, researchers usually only get excited about p values of .05 or lower.)
Davidson takes this to mean that the study finds wearing a mask or not wearing a mask makes no difference in COVID-19 illness rates. What the authors of the study see here is that there must be something happening differently between how these two groups are acting that ends up with one group positive for the virus and the other group not.
The analysis of the data in the study finds this:
In this investigation, participants with and without COVID-19 reported generally similar community exposures, with the exception of going to locations with on-site eating and drinking options. Adults with confirmed COVID-19 (case-patients) were approximately twice as likely as were control-participants to have reported dining at a restaurant in the 14 days before becoming ill. In addition to dining at a restaurant, case-patients were more likely to report going to a bar/coffee shop, but only when the analysis was restricted to participants without close contact with persons with known COVID-19 before illness onset.
In short, the key thing that the COVID people did that the non-COVID people did not do was go to restaurants and bars where they had to remove their mask to eat or drink, where they couldn’t properly socially distance and where they dealt with the presence of other people who had to deal with the same mask/distance problems.
Davidson argues that masks don’t matter because “the report suggests that ‘direction, ventilation, and intensity of airflow might affect virus transmission, even if social distancing measures and mask use are implemented according to current guidance'” even though that’s not what the report actually says. This quote is talking about restaurants and bars, where people without masks are potentially spewing the coronavirus into the HVAC system between maskless bouts of beers and wings.
At the end of the day, I don’t expect Davidson or The Federalist to care much about this. In fact, if they notice it at all, I’m quite certain the headline on their next story will be, “Liberal Commie Pinko Professor Uses Blog to Bully, Indoctrinate Students Against Free Thought.” However, for those of you who need to use research studies in your journalism writings, and you want to get things right, here are three quick tips:
Read the summary first: The one clue I got that told me Davidson might not really be all that interested in the findings beyond that they allowed her to say what she wanted to anyways, was that the authors actually did a simple findings box:
This is pretty clear in regard to what it was trying to say about masks, restaurants and COVID-19 transmission. Not every journal article will have this clear of a summary, but if the article has one, read it. If it doesn’t, most articles will have an abstract, which attempts to do the same kind of summary. You’ll need to read it a couple times carefully to get the gist of what it is trying to say, as most abstracts are written for other people in the field, as opposed to journalists who are trying to make sense of the article’s minutia.
The goal of reading the summary or the abstract is not to take the place of reading the study, but rather to help you understand what it is the study is doing, what it found and why it matters. That information can serve as a guide as you go forward.
Find sources and rely on them: Like most topics you will cover, you are probably not an expert on whatever that study is attempting to tell you. This is why we rely on sources for our stories instead of just telling people whatever we think is going on. A good place to start here? Probably one of the 20-plus authors who worked on the paper.
In most cases, it’s easy to find the authors, as they list their full names, academic association, workplace and even their contact emails with their papers. Some academics have no problem explaining their work in a simple way for journalists. Those who have difficulty are at least a starting point, in that they can either help you understand a little bit or they can point you to the author on the study who is better at this.
If you’re concerned that the authors of the study are going to BS you about what they found, find another expert in the field who would be willing to review the study for you. In most cases, if you work at a major university or in an area with a major university, you can find experts on campus in the area from which the study originated.
And, to be fair, it wouldn’t hurt to talk to people from both of those groups to get a better-rounded view of the study itself.
Understand how research works before reporting on it: I’m not going to pick on the author of this Federalist piece, but let me just say it took me about nine years of higher education, four years of statistics and half of an academic lifetime to be able to look at research like this and make at least heads or tails out of it. A poli sci major with a journalism minor, who graduated in May 2020 and has about 3 months of experience in pro journalism probably isn’t qualified to breakdown a major study with the level of certainty Davidson put into her article.
Giving most starting journalists a scientific study to write a quick-hit news story is like giving a bag of meth and an automatic weapon to a toddler: It’s not a great idea and even if they only figure out a little bit about what they have in their hands, it’s probably going to end poorly. And that’s if the writer is really trying to understand things, as opposed to just finding a great way to create a hyped headline.
Here are things you need to understand about research studies if you want to write on them:
They are based on small sample, which might or might not be capable of extrapolation to a larger population. Authors are very careful about explaining their sampling method and the broader implications to the public in their studies. The journalists who paying attention to that have a problem.
They often involve complex statistical measures that are interrelated, so you can’t just grab one number out of them and make it mean something.
They usually have a very narrow purpose. It might be to find out if using a particular additive in a diet soft drink will cause increased risk of blood clots among women age 65+ who have a preexisting kidney condition. It might be to measure the short-term effects of viewing violent television programs on preschool boys when provided with replication opportunities subsequent to viewing. Whatever the study, it’s never going to be something that can be immediately generalized to all people in all places doing all manner of different things.
They almost always come with caveats. In journal-speak, we call these “limitations” and they show up in the conclusion or discussion part of the paper where we tell other scholars, “Look, this isn’t perfect for the following reasons.” It’s up to the rest of the community of readers (and usually reviewers, prior to publication) to decide how serious these limitations are. In the study under discussion here, the authors list five key limitations, including the sample size, unmeasured confounding behavior (which basically translates to, “The sick people all might have been doing something else we didn’t ask about and that got them sick.”), the sample selection (only 11 participating facilities were involved and “might not be representative of the United States population.”), the patients being aware of their illness status and the PCR test used to classify them as having COVID-19 might be inaccurate. In short, this is about 813 miles away from a definitive headline.
If you don’t understand all of this before you write your story, you are really going to have a heck of a time being right with what you tell people.
So, if you don’t understand research at all, don’t report on it. If you have to report on it anyway or you’ll be fired, read the summary carefully and see if you can figure things out. If you can’t, talk to smart people who can help you figure it out. If that still isn’t helping, get someone else who works with you to help you out and share a byline.
You’ll do more harm than good if you put this stuff out when you don’t know what you’re talking about.
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6 thoughts on “The CDC did NOT find the “overwhelming majority of people getting coronavirus wore masks.” A writer at The Federalist did. Here’s why she’s wrong and 3 tips to accurate reporting on scientific studies.”
clownwhisper says:
I think another important fact that you’re leaving out is wearing a mask is not meant to keep oneself safe from covered. It’s meant to keep others safe if you have coping and don’t realize it. You’re much more likely to catch colder off of surfaces if you do not wash your hands after touching objects in the public reach. But if you have coped don’t know it and you start coughing or sneezing into your mask it’s going to save other people’s lives potentially
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October 14, 2020 at 2:00 am
Viola says:
Thank you for this article. It always irks me when people inaccurately report things and misinterpret data.
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October 15, 2020 at 5:20 pm
agn says:
In the checkout today at my local grocery store, the unmasked woman behind me saw my mask and then turned to the also-masked clerk who was scanning my items and said, “Did you see where the W-H-O found that 70 percent of those infected with COVID said they wore masks all the time?”
To which the clerk replied: “And that’s actual news, not a conspiracy theory! I’m so sick of wearing this thing.”
I wanted to scream, “Where the $%#&^ do you people get your information?”
Well, now I know.
This twisted tale perfectly illustrates not just the author’s point (about journalist think-they-are’s), but–far more sadly for our democracy–but that conservative “media outlets” (a moniker which, even when said sarcastically, is faaaar too kind in the case of the Federalist…) are so caught up in Trump’s cult of personality that they will lurch gleefully, like lemmings, off the cliff of authoritarianism.
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October 17, 2020 at 12:04 pm
Harald says:
I find it strange that people act like they care about others so much while at the same time hating them for the way they think. This article is riddled with bias and hate. Wear your stupid mask and don’t worry about what others are doing. If you cover your cleave there’s truly no way someone’s “spittle” can get in your mouth.
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October 18, 2020 at 9:58 am
Leon says:
lol at liberal, commie, pinko professor. As a surgeon who’s been wearing a mask for 40 years, the major protection is washing hands,avoiding sick people. One cough or casual contact will not transmit the illness. BTW we have no statistical proof masks work for Covid.
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October 26, 2020 at 4:53 pm
The Captain says:
Yeah, sure you are a surgeon. If you actually were a surgeon, you would know that you need to provide proof of the numerous statements you made in one short paragraph. I don’t see anything there, but some random person stating random, unscientifically proven information.
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October 30, 2020 at 12:43 pm
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This article is about Maharaja Duleep/Dalip Singh. For other persons with similar names, see Dalip Singh (disambiguation). For other uses, see The Black Prince (disambiguation).
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, GCSI (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), or Sir Dalip Singh,[1] and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire",[2] was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur.[3]
Duleep Singh
Maharaja
Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh in 1875, aged 37
5th Maharaja of the Sikh Empire
Reign
15 September 1843 – 29 March 1849
Predecessor
Sher Singh
Successor
Victor Duleep Singh
Regents
Maharani Jind Kaur
Wazir (Vizier)
Hira Singh Dogra
Jawahar Singh Aulakh
Lal Singh
Born
4 September 1838
Lahore, Sikh Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died
22 October 1893(1893-10-22) (aged 55)
Paris, French Third Republic (present-day France)
Spouse
Bamba Müller

(m. 1864; died 1887)
Ada Douglas Wetherill

(m. 1889)
Issue
By Bamba Müller:
Prince Victor Duleep Singh
Prince Frederick Duleep Singh
Princess Bamba Sutherland
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh
Princess Sophia Duleep Singh
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh
By Ada Wetherill:
Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh
Dynasty
Sandhanwalia
Father
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Mother
Maharani Jind Kaur
Religion
Sikhism (1838—1853, 1886-1893)
Anglicanism (1853—1886)
He was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Sikh Anglo War, under a British Resident. He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown, and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria, who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful".[4] The Queen was godmother to several of his children.[5] He died young, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom.[6][7][8]
His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861 in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom.[9] During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule. In June 1861, he was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India.[10]
Contents
1 Early years
1.1 Conversion to Christianity
2 Life in exile
2.1 London
2.2 Castle Menzies
2.3 Sir Samuel White Baker
2.4 Reunion with his mother
2.5 Auchlyne and Aberfeldy
2.6 Elveden Estate
3 Re-initiated into Sikhism
4 Death
5 Heraldry
6 Family
6.1 Maharani Bamba Müller
6.2 Ada Douglas Wetherill
7 Miscellany
8 Further reading
9 References
10 External links
Early yearsEdit
A young Duleep Singh
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh, under the protection of the Vizier, Raja Dhian Singh. He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at the age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent.
On 13 December 1845 the British declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War, retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani by a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her. Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh was permitted to see his mother again.
After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849,[11] he was deposed at the age of ten[12] and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet. No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private. As a matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible respect. His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey. He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle, which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him.
Conversion to ChristianityEdit
Duleep Singh, aged 16, on the Lower Terrace of Osbourne House, Isle of Wight in 1854
In 1853, under the tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie. His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15. He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886.[according to whom?][13]
He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under the tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login. His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries. In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain.
Life in exileEdit
LondonEdit
Duleep Singh (1838–1893) in 1854; portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court. Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort. Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before the East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years. He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne, where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter, made his portrait.[14]
He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed a wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login. He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, from 1855 until his death.[15]
Castle MenziesEdit
On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year[16] (approximately £2,400,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to the British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Scotland, for him. He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household. Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension.
In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at the recommendation of Sir John Login. Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863).[17]
In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle.[18]
Sir Samuel White BakerEdit
Duleep Singh, in ceremonial dress, 1852, by the English painter George Duncan Beechey
While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh. In 1858–1859, the two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest. On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube. The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market. There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for the Ottoman Pasha of Vidin. Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants. The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker, she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed.
Reunion with his motherEdit
When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu, suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain, but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her. He then sent a courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh, who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani. Duleep Singh then decided to go himself. Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her.' The British government decided she was no longer a threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence’s Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England.[19]
Auchlyne and AberfeldyEdit
In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane. He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire".[20] (At the same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Punjab). His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy. Following the deaths of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England.[21]
Elveden EstateEdit
Sir Duleep Singh in the 1860s
Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or the India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km2) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk, close to Thetford, in 1863. He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school. He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England.[22][23][24]
The house was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat.[25] Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts. Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh, the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate.
Re-initiated into SikhismEdit
While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India. Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani. He also brought a list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India. All this renewed his connection with Sikhism.[26]
The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism. Despite protests from the India Office, he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886. However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden, then part of Aden Settlement, where the writ of the Viceroy of India began. He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay.[26] Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe.
DeathEdit
Elveden Church 1909: Graves of Maharaja Duleep Singh, his wife Maharani Bamba and son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh
Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body).
Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule. His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office, in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba, and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh. The graves are located on the west side of the Church.
Statue of Duleep Singh on Butten Island, Thetford
A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by H.R.H. The Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford, a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity.[5][27]
In an auction at Bonhams, London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson, R.A., in Rome in 1859[28] fetched £1.7 million (£1.5 million plus premium and tax).[29][30]
A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice, was made in 2007, directed by P.S. Narula.[31]
HeraldryEdit
The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms. It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous").[32]
FamilyEdit
Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864 Alexandria, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill, in 1889. He had eight children in total.
He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba. Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865. [33]The others were:
Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 Jan 1866-7 Jun 1918)
Prince Frederick Victor Duleep Singh (23 Jan 1868-15 Aug 1926)
Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh (29 Sep 1869-10 Mar 1957)
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh[34] (27 Oct 1871-8 Nov 1942)
Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh (8 Aug 1876-22 Aug 1948)
Prince Albert Edward Alexander Duleep Singh (1879-1 May 1893)
He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill:
Princess Pauline Alexandra Duleep Singh (26 Dec 1887-10 Apr 1941)
Princess Ada Irene Beryl Duleep Singh (25 Oct 1889-14 Sep 1926)
All the eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty.[35]
There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s.[4]
Maharani Bamba MüllerEdit
H.H. Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic-speaking, part-Ethiopian, part-German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave. She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria, Egypt, on 7 June 1864. The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887.
Ada Douglas WetherillEdit
Some sources describe Ada Douglas Wetherill as a French princess. Wetherill had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him. She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St. Petersburg, Russia, where he failed to persuade the Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler.[36]
Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died. Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, who she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887.[37]
MiscellanyEdit
In 1854, Madame Blavatsky, the founder of Theosophical Society, met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince". This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh. [38]
He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861.[39][40]
On 21st October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through a picture frame. [41]
Duleep Singh remembered his servant with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland.[42]
A 2017 film, The Black Prince, by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria.
Maharaja Duleep Singh's character was featured in Ubisoft Assassin's Creed game. He is featured as a young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London.[43]
Further readingEdit
Sikh History in 10 Volumes, by Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. Published by Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2009-2012.
Sir John Login And Duleep Singh, by Lady Lena Login. W. H. Allen & Co., London. 1890.
Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, by Dhuleep Singh, Ganda Singh. Published by Punjabi University, 1977.
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,, by Aijazuddin, F.S. Sotheby Parke Bernet, London and Oxford U. Press, Karachi and New Delhi, 1979.
The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance (Bhupinder Singh Bance). Sutton Publishing, ISBN 0-7509-3488-3
The Maharajah's Box: An Imperial Story of Conspiracy, Love and a Guru's Prophecy, by Campbell, Christy. Harper Collins, ISBN 0-00-653078-8 The Maharaja's Box
Queen Victoria's Maharajah, Duleep Singh, 1838–93, by Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand. 1980. ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
Duleep Singh: The Maharaja of Punjab and the Raj, by Rishi Ranjan Chakrabarty. Published by D.S. Samara, 1988. ISBN 0-9514957-0-4.
Maharaja Duleep Singh: The Last Sovereign Ruler of the Punjab, by Prithipal Singh Kapur. Published by Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee, Dharam Parchar Committee, 1995.
Maharaja Duleep Singh, Fighter for Freedom, by Baldev Singh Baddan. Published by National Book Shop, 1998. ISBN 81-7116-210-X.
Maharaja Daleep Singh, by Balihar Singh Randhawa. Sikh Literary & Cultural Stall, 1998. ISBN 1-900860-01-5.
The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government: A Narrative, by Surjit Singh Jeet. Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 1999.
The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh, by Thomas Evans Bell. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001. ISBN 0-543-92432-7.
Maharaja Dalip Singh Cheated Out, by Avtar Singh Gill. Jaswant Printers. 2007[44]
The Exile, by Navtej Sarna. Penguin, 2008. ISBN 978-0-670-08208-7.[45]
Sovereign, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance, Coronet House Publishing, London, 2009
The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Capt. Amarinder Singh, ISBN 978-8174367792
ReferencesEdit
^ His name has several alternative spellings. Among them are Dhulip, Dulip, Dhalip, Dhuleep and Dalip, but he used Duleep when writing it himself, although Dalip is the conventional spelling for the Punjabi name. Official British letters and documents sometimes refer to him as Dalip the Ultimate.
^ Dalip Singh – website Britannica.com
^ "The Black Prince of Perthshire". The Scotsman. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ a b Eton, the Raj and modern India; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC News.
^ a b Royal tribute to first Sikh settler BBC News, July 29, 1999.
^ Freeman, Henry. East India Company, Beginning to End.
^ Wild, Antony. East India Company: trade and Conquest.
^ William, Dalrymple (4 March 2015). "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
^ E Dalhousie Login, Lady Login's Recollections, Chapter 14, Smith Elder, 1916
^ "No. 22523". The London Gazette. 25 June 1861. p. 2622.
^ The tragic life of Maharaja Dalip Singh By Reeta Sharma, The Tribune, February 20, 1999
^ Duleep Singh Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine www.collectbritain.co.uk.
^ Campbell, Christy (2008). The Maharajah's Box. Harper Collins. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-00-653078-7.
^ Maharaja Dalip Singh in London Archived July 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Victoria & Albert Museum.
^ Royal Photographic Society. Members: 1853–1901 Accessed 6 July 2014
^ "Sophia Duleep Singh". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
^ Sir John Login and Duleep Singh
^ "Grandtully Castle from The Gazetteer for Scotland". www.scottish-places.info.
^ Login, Lady Lena Campbell (1916). "Lady Login's Recollections". California Digital Library. Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 207, 208 (Chapter XIV). Retrieved 18 July 2014.
^ On the trail of the Sikh heritage BBC News, September 30, 2008.
^ "The 'Black Prince' of Perthshire", Highlander Web Archived February 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
^ Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand. Queen Victoria's Maharaja: Duleep Singh 1838–93 ISBN 1-84212-232-0, ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7
^ "The UK's finest country sports publication".
^ Edwards, Adam (13 October 2001). "All guns blazing". The Daily Telegraph. London.
^ "Elveden Hall, Elveden, Suffolk".
^ a b He prepared the exiled Maharaja to seek to wrest back his lost empire The Tribune, September 21, 2002.
^ Duleep Singh Statue Archived March 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Prince charming of Punjab heads up art sale The Times, March 14, 2007.
^ Sikh hero bust is sold for £1.7m BBC News, April 20, 2007.
^ Bust of Duleep Singh went for 1.7 million pounds in 2007 Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times, October 07, 2008.
^ Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice (DVD) Archived July 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Wooden panelcarved coat of arms (panel)". Norfolk Museums Collections. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ "Geograph:: The grave of the son of Maharajah Duleep... © Richard Hoare".
^ The Swiss Account of Princess Catherine Duleep Singh The Tribune, June 25, 2001.
^ The lives and times of three generations of India princesses. Edited by Peter Bance Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Navtej Sarna
^ Russia’s onward march; progress in Asia and India is her goal. Native Indians who may help her-- the story of Duleep Singh’s going to Russia. The New York Times, October 9, 1887.
^ Michael Alexander and Sushila Anand. Queen Victoria's Maharajah: Duleep Singh 1838–93 ISBN 1-84212-232-0, ISBN 978-1-84212-232-7.
^ Blavatsky, Helena. Blavatsky Collected Writings Online.
^ "The life of a British Maharaja".
^ Grand Freemasonry Lodge of India. Some eminent Indian masons Accessed 10 November 2020.
^ Barrett, William (1908). Occultism and common-sense.
^ Killin News Apr 1998, P3
^ "Did You Know This Ubisoft Game Had Maharaja Duleep Singh's Feature In It". Kiddaan. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-07-05.


Skype allows you to communicate at any distance. There is also a possibility to write posts, speak and see the interlocutor. But in some cases an image is not necessary. It was then that the camera should be disabled. You can disable it in several ways.
Related articles:
As in Skype to turn off the camera
How to disable a webcam
How to disable webcam in laptop
How to use the camera companion
Instruction
1
Open the parameters dialog Skype. To do this in the main window, click the left mouse button on menu item "Tools", and then select the sub-item "Settings". You will see a window with various settings that you can change. Further, in this window you can make any settings.
2
Click in the left part of the window on the "video Settings". You will see a small window that shows the current view from the camera, its name and several parameters. You need to change only two settings: "Automatically receive video and screen sharing" (in some versions of the text may differ, but the gist remains the same), switching it to "no one", and setting "Show my video..." set to "no". Now the camera connected to your computer and used Skype will not. It may happen that you have installed an earlier version of Skype, then the disabling procedure will be somewhat different.
3
Activate the settings dialog again. In the left part instead of the "video Settings" is the item "Video device" for the newly released versions of Skype and "connection Settings" for versions, released over a year ago. In the first case, you will need to change the same parameters as in the case with the contemporary version of Skype (reminder: the text may differ, but only slightly), and the second only need to switch the option "Use web-camera" to "do not use".
4
Unplug the camera during a call by clicking on the icon of a video camera, if you want to make audiosonic one or more times, or a certain group of people. off of the camera when using the settings dialog makes it impossible to make video calls to all your contacts, then as a temporary or one-time disabling allows you to resume subsequent calls using the webcam.


Five Republic of Ireland players have tested positive for the deadly coronavirus a few hours before their UEFA Nations League match against Wales today, October 11.
The match is scheduled to hold in Ireland at 14:00 and it will go on as planned despite the number of players that the Ireland national team must drop ahead of the game.
Recall that on Friday, the Football Association of Ireland announced that a player of the team has tested positive for COVID-19. Hence, the 5 cases that were reported today bring the number of confirmed cases in the Ireland squad to 6 within three days.
Besides those who have tested positive for the virus, Ireland has been mandated to drop four members of the squad ahead of the match because they were in close contact with those that have been confirmed positive for COVID-19.
Though the names of the players who have been confirmed to be carriers of the virus were not revealed, players like Aaron Connolly and Adam Idah have been identified as two among the four players that were in close contact with those who have the virus.
It is however possible for the players to return to Ireland’s squad ahead of today’s game because the head coach of the country’s national team Stephen Kenny has appealed to the medical team of the country’s FA that they should reverse their decision to keep the duo out of the team. The duo has been out of the squad since Wednesday before the team’s Euro 2020 playoffs against Slovakia which ended 4-2 (after penalty shootouts) in favor of Slovakia.
Coach Stephen Kenny might have it extremely difficult when he comes against Ryan Giggs‘ led Wales national team today. Kenny needs to win the match because the country has managed to win one game out of two Nations League matches which have kept the country on the 3rd spot in Group H of League B. While Wales are topping the group with 6 perfect points.
Besides Republic of Ireland players, Ashley Young tested positive for Coronavirus
Ashley Young
Meanwhile, former Manchester United Defender, Ashley Young, has tested positive for coronavirus according to a statement from his current club, Inter Milan.
The Italian club announced that the former England international tested positive for the virus on Saturday after a regular test routine at the club’s soccer training ground.
The 28-year-old defender who has been enjoying regular game time at Inter Milan since the commencement of the 2020-2021 season will have to miss the Milan derby this coming weekend as he has to self-isolate for at least 10 days.
“FC Internazionale Milano announces that Ashley Young tested positive for Covid-19 following a test carried out yesterday (Saturday) in Appiano Gentile”, a statement from the Italian club said.
“The English footballer is already in quarantine at his home.”
Category Hot Football/Soccer News News Tag Ashley Young Coronavirus Republic of Ireland Wales
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Novak Djokovic and his wife Jelena have tested negative for COVID-19, nine days after returning a positive test, the world number one tennis player’s media team said on Thursday.
Djokovic, along with Grigor Dimitrov, Borna Coric and Viktor Troicki, tested positive after playing in the Adria Tour, an exhibition tournament organised by the 17-time Grand Slam champion.
“Novak Djokovic and his wife Jelena tested negative for COVID-19, as the most recent test they took in Belgrade showed. They felt no symptoms of the virus and took the test after consultations with the doctors,” the statement said.
“They spent the past 10 days in self-isolation upon returning from Zadar (in Croatia), having adhered to all COVID-19 protocols and safety measures.”
Djokovic and his wife Jelena both previously tested positive for the coronavirus
The tournament witnessed packed stands during the opening leg staged at Djokovic’s tennis complex in Belgrade from June 13-14, with players hugging at the net, playing basketball, posing for pictures and attending press conferences together.
The second leg was held in Zadar from June 20-21.
The players did not break any Serbian or Croatian government protocols, as neither country required the athletes to maintain any social distancing
However, Djokovic, who was heavily criticised for staging the event, issued an apology, saying he was extremely sorry for the harm that had been caused.


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Develop a comic strip with your own invented characters. Learn how to draw a variety of facial expressions, animate objects, imply motion, and use background space in your story.