In this context there are five. If we make no effort to abandon them we incur a secondary downfall: (1) Needless self-reproach and excitement, (2) Malicious thoughts, (3) Sleep and dullness, (4) Distracting desires, (5) Frequent and disturbing doubts.
Needless self-reproach refers to how we tend to beat ourselves up when we discover that we have become distracted. Anger at ourself is still anger, and therefore a delusion. When we discover we have been distracted, we should patiently accept it and gently (but firmly) decide to go back to our object of meditation without unnecessary drama. It’s normal and natural that we become distracted, that is why we are training. Needless excitement refers to when we have some mental breakthrough or some profound “ah ha” moment and we get over-excited about it. Sometimes this is hard to resist, but our over-excitement about it will cause us to lose the feeling or understanding. Better to be happy and try to maintain the continuum of remembering the new discovery for as long as we can. The longer we do, the more deeply we plant the new understanding on our mind.
Malicious thoughts are bad both in and out of meditation, but they are especially bad in meditation itself. We do not usually realize, but this happens more than we think. What often happens for me is I am meditating on some idea of Dharma, and then it causes me to recall how somebody else in my life is not living up to this idea of the Dharma, and then I start to judge the other person using the Dharma as my lens of judgment. This can also take the form of we are angry at somebody, we sit down to meditate to try calm down, but we spend our whole meditation time contemplating the faults of the other person and why we are right and they are wrong.
Sleep and dullness happens to all of us. Our gross minds arise from our subtle minds, and our subtle minds arise from our very subtle mind. The entire purpose of meditation is to plant the Dharma at increasingly subtle levels of mind. When we do so, all of the minds that are grosser than the depth to which we have planted the Dharma will be a reflection of the Dharma pattern we planted deeper than these gross levels of mind. It is a bit like putting the stained glass of Dharma on our mind, and the light that then shines through it reflects the pattern of the stained glass. The more we concentrate, the more subtle our mind becomes. The problem for us is the only subtle minds we know are sleep. So when we enter meditation, we fall into the parts of our mind that correspond with sleep and we become sleepy, we get the “nods” (our head bobbing up and down as we fall asleep while trying to stay awake), etc. There is not a single meditator who does not, from time to time, struggle with this. What can we do to overcome this? First, it is usually best to meditate in the morning because we are more rested and less likely to fall asleep. If we are generally groggy in the morning, we can take our shower and shave first, do our meditation, and then get dressed for the day. Second, when it does happen, accept it as part of our training. When we die, our mind will likewise become increasingly subtle. By learning to try to maintain mindfulness of our objects of meditation as our mind becomes more subtle is the best possible training we can do to become prepared for death. Third, we need to keep a positive attitude. Do not beat yourself up or feel like a failure, instead know you are purifying and working through your obstructions. We all have to go through this. It is a training, not a demonstration of accomplishment. Fourth, sometimes if it is really bad, we can try open our eyes, stretch, roll our head around to the maximum extent possible in a circle, etc. As a general rule, we should avoid giving in to the sleepiness and going to take a nap. This is a bad habit to get into, and it will train our mind to equate meditation with taking a nap, and so we will have the problem of sleepiness even more in the future. If you want to take a nap, you can do so after your meditation is over, but you will find that most often as soon as you come out of meditation your sleepiness goes away. Fifth, request blessings. The Buddhas are right there waiting to help us with our meditation. All we need to do is request their help with faith. It does not matter if the sleepiness goes away. What matters is we keep training and keep trying.
Distracting desires was discussed extensively in the earlier posts on the vows related to mental stabilization, so I refer you there.
Frequent and disturbing doubts refers to our inability to ever believe anything until we are 100% convinced. Blind faith is an extreme in the Dharma, but so too is the inability to believe. We need to ask questions and probe the Dharma to gain a deeper understanding, but we also need to not expect to have a perfect understanding until we actually attain enlightenment. We need to be like a scientist. Scientists work with hypotheses. They gather all available evidence and information, and they say, “given all of this, what is the most logical and reasonable conclusion I can draw.” That conclusion then is their “hypothesis.” They then say, “how can I test to see whether or not this hypothesis is correct?” and they design experiments to test the validity of their hypothesis. The results of their experiment then give them more information and evidence with which they can either confirm or modify their hypothesis. They continue to work in this way, gradually refining their theories until eventually the develop “laws of nature” or “scientific axioms.” Throughout this entire process, they are never 100% sure that their theories are correct, but they are able to reach sufficiently high confidence levels that for all practical purposes this is what they “believe” to be true. On the basis of this belief, they can build cars, computers and space ships.


The PlayStation 3 (or commonly known as the PS3) is the third home computer entertainment system produced by Sony Computer Entertainment, and the successor to the PlayStation 2. It was released November 11, 2006
702 질문 전체 보기
Aman
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가입하다
해지하다
Is there only one cause of the ylod
i was doing a search for what causes the ylod and i found a web site http://boardsus.playstation.com/t5/PlayS...
in case you have trouble finding it the site says that this person had the ylod right after a firmware update and they said they took the hard drive out and made it a slave on another computer and formatted it then re installed it and did a firmware update and that fixed it. so then i came to this site and the manual here says it's basically the same problem the xbox has. so i was wondering if anyone could tell me if this is either a more plausible cause of the ylod or if you know if it's another cause or if it's not plausible at all? any help would be appreciated. thanks.
답변되었습니다! 답변 보기 저도 같은 문제를 겪고 있습니다 새로운 답변을 구독했습니다
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가장 도움됨 가장 최근 가장 오래된
선택된 해법
Chris Green @chrisgreen
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게시됨: 2010년 11월 30일
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Basically to answer your original question, these are a few things that can cause the YLOD:
Dead/Disconnected HDD
Cold-Joint between the CPU/RSX/EE(If your console has one)
Physical Damage to the Motherboard
Dead power supply
Not enough voltage from the power supply (Failing Power Supply)
Jammed/Disconnected Fan (Not Confirmed)
Overheating
Corrupted NAND Flash
Bad Update
Short Circuit
해당 답변은 도움이 되었습니까?
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That site/solution would be wrong, if a firmware update goes wrong, replacing/reformatting the hard drive won't fix it (A dead hard drive, however might cause the YLOD) The PS3's firmware is stored on 2 128MB NAND chips on the motherboard. The hard drive is only required for caching that flash memory when the console boots. You can only access the PS3's flash with a modchip such as an InFecTus (Which has discontinued official support for the procedure, but still works.) So replacing a hard drive, would not fix a failed update, only Sony can recover a bad flash, unless you have a previous backup of the NAND that you can flash back onto the console using the method/chip I mentioned above.
Chris Green 의 2010년 11월 30일
@chrisgreen
I created a account just 2 say thank you! I think my prob is the power supply failure because when I tested it it show NOTHING... Thx again
Nate 의 2016년 08월 04일
i also connected a dead pram battery and it gave me ylod. I replaced it with a new pram battery and the system worked fine.
Noderz 의 2021년 01월 21일
the ylod can be triggered if something was not plugged in correctly, bad solder joints, and dead components. It has been confirmed and ylod is not only caused by the rsx chip and the nec capacitors.
Noderz 의 2021년 01월 21일
의견 추가하세요
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Cody
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ylod is essentially the same as the xbox rrod...as i has to do with broken solder joints under the cpu or the gpu. however it can also be a problem with the power supply in the ps3. hope this cleared things up.
Cody
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Sam Hill
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Additionally, ANY hardware failure (including dead fuses, dead/dying RAM) can trigger the YLOD. Essentially, the YLOD simply means 'Something is wrong inside me and I need a hands-on fix.'


Numerous studies have shown that using an appropriate mouth rinse, in conjunction with regular brushing and flossing, is an easy and effective way for you to improve your overall oral health. As part of a regular program of oral hygiene, mouth rinses (which are sometimes called mouthwashes) can be effective at reducing plaque, controlling bad breath, and helping to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. There is a myriad of mouth rinses lining the drugstore shelves, and they are available in both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) formulations. Which one is best for you? That depends on what benefit you expect to get from using it.
It's important to keep in mind that many off-the-shelf mouth rinses are primarily cosmetic: That means, they may (temporarily) make your mouth taste or smell good, but they don't offer any lasting benefit to your oral health. There's nothing wrong with that — as long as you weren't expecting anything more. But if you've been told that you are at risk for tooth decay or gum disease, you'll want to use a mouth rinse that has proven clinical benefits.
Therapeutic Mouth Rinses
Mouth rinses that offer oral-health benefits are considered therapeutic. These fall into two general categories: anti-cariogenic rinses, which are designed to prevent tooth decay (and thus dental caries, or “cavities”); and anti-bacterial rinses, which help control the buildup of plaque bacteria in your mouth. Some products may even offer both types of protection.
To help prevent tooth decay, anti-cariogenic mouth rinses use an ingredient you're probably already familiar with: fluoride. This is often in the form of a .05% sodium fluoride solution. Because it's a liquid, the rinse can get all around your teeth — even into spaces the smallest brush can't reach.
Fluoride has been consistently proven to strengthen tooth enamel, which protects against decay; it can even reduce tiny lesions on teeth where a cavity may form. There's hardly anyone who couldn't use some extra help in the fight against cavities — but if you've been told you may be at a higher risk for tooth decay, or if you have difficulty brushing and flossing, then an anti-cariogenic rinse is a good choice for you.
Anti-bacterial mouth rinses generally contain ingredients (like triclosan, essential oils, or the prescription medication chlorhexidine) that help to control the microorganisms found in plaque. Plaque, a sticky, bacteria-laden biofilm, occurs not only on the surfaces of the teeth but also in other parts of the mouth. Rinsing with an anti-bacterial solution has been shown to provide a greater reduction in plaque than brushing and flossing alone. As tools in the fight against gum disease (gingivitis) and tooth decay, anti-bacterial mouth rinses may be a good step toward improving your oral hygiene.
Choosing A Mouth rinse
If you're shopping for an over-the-counter therapeutic mouth rinse, look for the ADA (American Dental Association) seal on the label; it means that the product has been evaluated and proven effective by an independent panel of dental experts. If a mouth rinse has been prescribed for you, you should carefully follow the usage instructions. (Note, however, that due to labeling rules, prescription mouth rinses may not be eligible for the ADA seal.) Mouth rinses can benefit most people, but they generally aren't recommended for children under the age of six, who may swallow them.
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Arsenal are in pole position to sign Montpellier forward Olivier Giroud, according to his club coach Rene Girard.
Close to move: French forward Olivier Giroud (Picture: AFP/Getty)
The Gunners are long-term admirers of the 25-year-old, who is currently with the France squad at Euro 2012, having watched him score 21 goals in 36 matches for Montpellier last season.
Aston Villa, Newcastle, Liverpool and a host of leading European lights have also expressed an interest in bagging Giroud, but he has delayed a decision on his future until after the European Championships.
It’s a move that has seen interest cool, but not from Arsenal, who are set to win the race for Giroud, with only a fee left to be agreed, according to his club coach Girard.
‘Arsenal are very interested and Giroud wants to play in England. If Arsene Wenger agrees with the president, he will sign for them,’ Girard told French radio station RMC.
Makeweight: Chamakh (Picture: MARK PAIN)
The two clubs are yet to open formal talks over a deal, but it is believed that if Arsenal do firm up their interest with an offer, it will be below Giroud’s release clause price of £12.8million, in order to include Gunners flop Marouane Chamakh as part of the package.
Montpellier have previously expressed an interest in buying Chamakh, but Girard has now admitted that a season-long loan move as part of a deal for Giroud is a real possibility:
‘We would like Chamakh on loan, as part of the Giroud deal, but I don’t know if it is possible.’
Arsenal are hopeful that offloading Chamakh, along with other fringe strikers Nicklas Bendtner and Carlos Vela, will create space for Giroud to arrive as a top quality understudy to captain Robin van Persie.
Giroud is currently contracted to Montpellier until 2014.
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Edinburgh festival Terminal V has decided to postpone its two-day event amid fears of rising cases of COVID-19 cases and increased risk of transmission.
In a statement released on Thursday, festival organisers confirmed that they would be postponing the Halloween event until Easter 2022 amid COVID-19 cases rising and an increase in concern.
Read this next: Raveheart: How house music exploded in Scotland
Terminal V is one of the UK’s largest indoor festivals and was due to take place at the Royal Highland Centre, Ingliston, on October 30 and 31. Around 40,000 people were due to attend.
The festival has fallen victim to cancellation due to the pandemic before, being forced to cancel their 2020 and summer 2021 shows due to COVID-19 uncertainty.
The line-up includes dance music legends such as Amelie Lens, Nina Kraviz and Honey Dijon.
Read this next: Amelie Lens is a techno phenomenon
Organisers clarified that they were in talks with local authorities and partner agencies, who concluded that due to the enormous scale of the event, there would be a much higher risk of COVID-19 transmission.
Festival directors Derek Martin and Simon McGrath said they were "devasted" in a statement.
"Almost two years of passion and fierce determination has been poured into the planning and logistics of this event. We are loyal to our fanbase and customers, it has been an incredibly tough two years without events, and our aim was to put on a show, unlike any other seen in Scotland to date. We are so gutted to see thousands in sheer disappointment over this."
"It’s not only heartbreaking to us but also the 1500+ jobs that will be lost over the week, the 10,000+ cancelled hotel rooms and our aim to boost the local economy is lost. We have invested heavily in not only bringing International Talent to the stage in Scotland but also in the incredible production value of this event."
Read this next: How to help clubs reopen safely and for the long haul
"To know that a mere 5 miles along the road, 60,000 fans will be able to watch the Rugby at Murrayfield on the same day as we had Terminal V on, and to see dance events like ours being singled out as high risk. Also, October 1 marks the launch of vaccine passports in Scotland, a supposed way of ensuring large indoor events like Terminal V can go ahead during these new times."
"The accumulation of all these factors makes this full situation really hard to bear. All we can do here is come back stronger, together for our return in April 2022 and make the experience even better for all attendees."
On Instagram, DJs, fans and attendees have expressed their sadness and support regarding the decision. Others were frustrated by the news.
DJ Alan Fitzpatrick, who was billed to play at the event, wrote in a comment, “So sad to read this. Feel so sorry for you guys. Just think how good the return of Terminal V will be. Keep positive and we WILL be back stronger. Love you guys.”
Read this next: The Lab LDN with Alan Fitzpatrick
One attendee commented under the Instagram announcement, “Give us a refund then”.
Ticket holders will automatically have their tickets transferred to the updated Easter 2022 dates.
An announcement is expected to be made about a different, smaller, event which has been permitted to take place at Edinburgh O2 Academy where priority will be given to Terminal V ticket holders.


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Qualcomm should start worrying as OPPO is rumored to build high-end chip _Rataul.com Latest upcoming mobile phones and gadgets
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Source: Daniel Bader / Android Central
OPPO reportedly wants to take more control of its production according to the latest rumor from Nikkei Asia suggesting that the company is seeking to build its own smartphone chipset.
Sources close to the matter told the publication that the SoC would be built with TSMC based on its 3nm process. This is the same manufacturer Apple uses for its chips in the iPhone.
The phones powered by the alleged SoC reportedly won’t launch until 2023 at the earliest. Still, it would signal a slow shift away from Qualcomm after Google launched its flagship Pixel 6 series with a custom-built Tensor chip (and Qualcomm wasn’t exactly amused by it).
Samsung is also said to start using its own Exynos chips in more of its Galaxy phones in 2022, which could further spell trouble for Qualcomm, which has been struggling to keep up with demand due to the global semiconductor shortage.
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Earlier this year, rumors pointed to OPPO launching a 5G chip by later this year or early next year, although it seems its efforts are being pushed back. Xiaomi was also said to reenergize its efforts to develop its own SoC.
The production troubles are likely fueling OPPO’s resolve as the company reportedly ramps up development efforts in the wake of Huawei’s drama with the U.S. more or less taking the company out as a major player. OPPO has allegedly been recruiting chip developers and AI experts from competing companies like MediaTek, Qualcomm, and Huawei.
For now, OPPO continues to use Qualcomm for its best Android phones like the OPPO Find X3 Pro, with MediaTek used for other models.
That said, if OPPO does end up using its own SoC, one might wonder if this would extend to OnePlus as well now that the two companies are joined at the hip. However, the bigger question is whether or not this SoC would be able to compete with Qualcomm’s top-of-the-line Snapdragon chips.
Where’s everyone going? Bingo?
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Inserisci le risposte alle seguenti domande nello spazio a disposizione. Scrivi risposte complete. Per esempio, alla domanda ‘What’s your name?’ risponderai ‘My name’s Paolo’ NON SOLO ‘Paolo.
1. 1) How old are you?
2. 1) How old are you?
3. 3) Have you got any brothers or sisters?
4. 4) What is your favourite sport?
5. 5) What do you do in your free time?
Clicca con il mouse sullo spazio sotto ogni domanda e seleziona la risposta migliore scegliendola tra quelle proposte dal menù a tendina. C'è una sola risposta corretta a ogni domanda.
6. 6) Can you swim?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
7. 7) Do you play tennis?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
8. 8) Do you like wine?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
9. 9) Have you got a dog?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
10. 10) Where’s John?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
11. 11) Can I help you?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
12. 12) What’s your sister doing?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
13. 13) Did you go to school yesterday?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
14. 14) What did you do yesterday?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
15. 15) Would you like a glass of coke?
a) Yes his name’s Spot. c) Yes, I did. d) Yes, I’d like a pair of jeans. e) He’s in his bedroom. f) Yes, but not very well. g) Yes please, I’m very thirsty. h) I went to the cinema. i) Yes, but not very often. j) She’s playing in the garden. k) Yes , but only with my dinner.
Questo testo ha delle parole mancanti. Scegli la parola giusta per completare ogni spazio tra quelle proposte in fondo alla pagina e poi scrivi la lettera che corrisponde alla parola che hai scelto. Per esempio, al n. 0 abbiamo scelto la parola STARTED e abbiamo scritto la lettera B nello spazio a disposizione.
My brother (0) ___ B ___ primary school when he was 4.
16. He (16) to this school until he was 11 years old.
17. In Britain children (17) go to state primary schools usually go on to secondary schools.
18. You must (18) at school until you are 16 when you take some important exams called GCSE’s.
19. If you do well in (19) exams,
20. you(20) continue for another two years specialising in three or four subjects.
21. My brother (21) Physics,
22. Chemistry and Maths and then went (22) university.
23. When he finished university he became a Maths teacher and so he (23) Maths every day.
24. He (24) soon and guess what?
25. His future (25) is a Maths teacher!
EXAMPLE
0. a) starts b) started c) will start
16. a) goes b) is going c) went
17. a) which b) who c) what
18. a) stay b) to stay c) stayed
19. a) these b) this c) that
20. a) can’t b) can c) could
21. a) took b) takes c) is taking
22. a) in b) at c) to
23. a) taught b) is teaching c) teaches
24. a) got married b) gets married c) is going to get married
25. a) work b) wife c) colleague
Usa le parole tra parentesi per creare una domanda alla risposta che ti è stata data come nell'esempio, facendo molta attenzione ai tempi verbali. Scrivi la domanda nello spazio a disposizione.
EXAMPLE
(what / Mario / do?) - He´s doing his homework.
ANSWER
What is Mario doing?
26. 26) (Where / Anna / go?) - She´s going to the hospital.
27. 27) (What / do / on Sunday?) - I went to the cinema with my friends.
28. 28) (You / have / a shower?) - Yes I am. Go away!
29. 29) (You / live / near here?) - Yes, I do.
30. 30) (You / ever / go / USA?) - No, I haven’t
Paul telefona a Mary per sapere come sono andate le sue vacanze. Completa il dialogo scrivendo una sola parola in ogni spazio vuoto come nell'esempio (0).
Paul: Hi, Mary. It’s Paul. How (0) ___ are ___ you?
Mary: Oh, hello Paul. Fine thanks.
31. Paul: (31) you have a good holiday?
32.
Mary: Oh yes, thanks. It (32) wonderful.
Paul: Where did you go?
33.
Mary: Well, first we went to Prague, (33) we went to Budapest, which was
wonderful. Have you ever been there?
34.
Paul: No, I haven’t. What was it (34) ?
35.
Mary: Brilliant. .There was (35) much to see and do. We visited museums,
restaurants, famous buildings and, of course, the Danube.
Paul: Did you go shopping?
36.
Mary: Not really, because I didn’t have much money and the shops were very (36)
37.
Paul: That’s a pity. You (37) have been disappointed. Didn’t you buy anything?
38.
Mary: Only one or two small things. But it was so beautiful that I think I (38) go back one day - with more money!
39.
Paul: Well, if you do, let me know and I’ll think about (39) with you.
40.
Mary: Oh, Paul, you should. Honestly, it’s one of the (40) holidays I’ve ever had.
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| [[File:600binmnist_module_reuse_histogram.png|300px|thumb|upright|alt=module reuse plot|Distribution of module reuse in s+s and p+s searches along side the distribution for a random module selection]]
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| [[File:266mnist_module_reuse_histogram.png|300px|thumb|upright|alt=module reuse plot|Distribution of module reuse in s+s and p+s searches along side the distribution for a random module selection]]
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| [[File:600binmnist_training_boxplot.png|thumb|300px|upright|alt=average training|Average training each module in a path undergoes for s+s and p+s searches plotted over the amount of module reuse]]
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| [[File:266mnist_training_boxplot.png|thumb|300px|upright|alt=average training|Average training each module in a path undergoes for s+s and p+s searches plotted over the amount of module reuse]]
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| [[Fil:600binmnist_reuse_by_layer.png|thumb|300px|alt=reuse by layer|Amount of module reuse for each layer in s+s and p+s searches alongside amount of reuse when randomly selecting modules]]
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| [[Fil:266mnist_reuse_by_layer.png|thumb|300px|alt=reuse by layer|Amount of module reuse for each layer in s+s and p+s searches alongside amount of reuse when randomly selecting modules]]
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Versjonen fra 22. des 2017 kl. 10:14
Innhold
1 Evolved paths through a Modular Super Neural Network
1.1 Research question
1.2 Hypothesis
2 Gradual Learning in Super Neural Networks
2.1 Research question
2.2 Hypothesis
2.3 Suggested Experiment
3 Capacity Increase
3.1 Research question
3.2 Hypothesis
4 Search for the first path?
4.1 Research question
4.2 Hypothesis
4.3 Suggested experiment
4.4 Implemented experiment
4.5 Results
Evolved paths through a Modular Super Neural Network
Research question
How would different evolutionary algorithms influence outcomes in training a PathNet structure on multiple tasks? What evolutionary strategies make the most sense in the scheme of training an SNN? Can evolutionary strategies easily be implemented as a search technique for a Pathnet structure?
Hypothesis
Different evolutionary algorithms would probably not change the PathNet results significantly for a limited number of tasks but might prove fruitful for a search for an optimal path in a saturated PathNet. Here, the search domain consists of pre-trained modules, hopefully with a memetic separation for each layer/module. This would ensure good transferability between tasks, and in the end, simplify the search and training of the task-specific softmax layer given the new task.
Gradual Learning in Super Neural Networks
Research question
Can the modularity of the SNN help show what level of transferability it is between modules used in the different tasks in the curriculum? How large is the reduction in training necessary to learn a new task when a saturated PathNet is provided compared to learning de novo?
Hypothesis
By testing what modules are used in which optimal paths, this study might show a reuse of some modules in multiple tasks, which would indicate the value of curriculum design. A high level of reuse might even point towards the possibility of one-shot learning in a saturated SNN
Suggested Experiment
Training an RL agent on some simple toy-environment like the LunarLander from OpenAI gym. This requires some rework of the reward signal from the environment to fake rewards for subtasks in the curriculum. Rewards in early subtasks might be clear-cut values (1 if reached sub-goal, 0 if fail)
Read up on curriculum design techniques
Create then a sequence of sub-tasks gradually increasing in complexity, and search for an optimal path through the PathNet for each of the sub-tasks. This implementation would use some version of Temporal Difference learning (Q-learning), and each path would represent some approximation of a value function.
Capacity Increase
Research question
Can we estimate the decline in needed capacity for each new sub-task learned from the curriculum? How "much" capacity is needed to learn a new meme?
Hypothesis
Previous studies show a decline in needed capacity for each new sub-task (cite: Progressive Neural Networks-paper). If a metric can be defined for measuring the capacity change, we expect the results to confirm this.
Search for the first path?
Research question
Is there anything to gain from performing a proper search for the first path versus just picking a random path and training the weights? In a two-task system, whats the difference between picking a first path and a PNN?
Hypothesis
I think performance will have the same asymptote, but it will be reached in fewer training iterations. The only thing that might be influenced by this path selection is that the modules in PathNet might have more interconnected dependencies. Maybe the layers are more "independent" when the weights are updated as part of multiple paths? This might be important for transferability when learning future tasks.
Suggested experiment
Performing multiple small multi-task learning scenarios. Two tasks should be enough, but it is necessary to show that modules are reused in each scenario. Test both picking a path and the full-on search for a path and compare convergence time for the second task.
Run multiple executions of a first-task search for a path in a binary mnist classification problem up to 99% classification accuracy on a test-set (like original pathnet paper). Log the training-counter for each optimal path and take a look at the average number of training iterations each path has. (so far: around 12?)
12 x 50 = 600 => 600 backpropagations of batchsize 16 or => 9600 training-examples shown
Then run multiple iterations where random paths of same average size as in the original experiment is trained for 600 iterations. compare classification accuracy of each path
Metrics
Training counter for each module and average of each path
Path size (number of modules in path) connected to capacity?
Reuse of modules (transferability)
Implemented experiment
Problem: Binary MNIST classification (Same as deepminds experiments without the salt/pepper noise) 500 Search + Search
Search for path 1 and evaluate optimal path found
Search for path 2 and evaluate optimal path found
Each found path is evaluated on test set
For each path, save: the path itself, its evaluated fitness, number of generations used to reach it, the average training each module received within the path (1=50*minibatch),
Also store the number of reused modules from task 1 to task 2
Generate path1 and path2s training-plot and write it to pdf
500 Pick + Search:
Generate a random path
Train same number of times as average training time for first path from "search + search" with same iteration index
evaluate random path on test set
Search for path 2 and evaluate on optimal path found
Store same metrics as in search + search
Generate path1 and path2s training-plot and write it to pdf
Last, write log to file
Results
First run:
Iterations: 600
Population size: 64
Acc threshold: 98%
Tasks: [3, 4] then [1, 2]
Distribution of module reuse in s+s and p+s searches along side the distribution for a random module selection
Average training each module in a path undergoes for s+s and p+s searches plotted over the amount of module reuse
Amount of module reuse for each layer in s+s and p+s searches alongside amount of reuse when randomly selecting modules
As we can see from the first plot, there is no indication that there is a significant difference in module reuse between the search+search and pick+search training schemes. When comparing the results with a random selection of modules (green bar) it is apparent that for these tasks, the PathNet prefer to train new modules for each task, rather than reuse knowledge in pre-trained modules. This differs from our hypothesis that end-to-end training causes confounded interfaces between layers, but we could argue that these results are caused by too little training, too simple training data or too much available capacity. This would cause the distance in parameter space between initialized parameters and "good enough" parameters to be rather small, so the gain from reusing modules is not large enough to justify the reuse.
In the second plot, we see a trend that supports the claim that the training scenario used is too simple. For the pick+search results, the amount of module reuse increases with the average training for each path, while this seems to stay relatively constant for the search+search experiment. This could mean that in order to reach the classification accuracy threshold for the second task, after performing an end-to-end training for the first task, the paths need more training to understand the layer outputs for a higher amount of module reuse.
The last plot shows something unexpected. The results for search+search and pick+search indicate the same as plot number one, no significant difference in the module reuse. But here, the reuse is shown for each layer in the models. For the first layer, it is a significant reduction in the number of reused modules. This is the opposite of what we would expect based on the results in "How transferable are features in deep neural networks?"(Yosinski et al), where the first layers tended to be the most general and easily reusable.
Initial reaction: This is a property of using MLPs and would disappear if the first layers in PathNet are replaced by convolutional modules.
Fully connected NNs are poor at generalizing to image data since convolutional layers are invariant to scale, rotational and translation. Each neuron would have to generalize to its coresponding image pixel, and would therefore be highly task specific.
Second run:
Iterations: 266
Population size: 64
Acc threshold: 97.5%
Tasks: Mnist [0, 1, 2 3, 4] then [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Distribution of module reuse in s+s and p+s searches along side the distribution for a random module selection
Average training each module in a path undergoes for s+s and p+s searches plotted over the amount of module reuse
Amount of module reuse for each layer in s+s and p+s searches alongside amount of reuse when randomly selecting modules


Starbucks is a publicly traded, multinational chain of coffeehouses and roastery reserves. Founded in 1971 as a small coffee shop in Pike Place Market, the company has since grown to over 30,000 locations in 77 countries. As a nod to their origin, Starbucks is still headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks employs nearly 300,000 people and generates around $24B in revenue annually.
Company Behavior Summary
Starbucks came under fire in early June of 2020 when they sent a memo to their employees that they were not allowed to wear Black Lives Matter clothing or accessories to work. Starbucks reasoning was that wearing clothing and accessories highlighting Black Lives Matter could be misunderstood and potentially incite violence. However, this point was quickly contested when employees pointed out that Starbucks does permit employees to wear accessories that promote marriage equality and LGBTQ rights.
A week after Starbucks had sent the memo banning Black Lives Matter clothing, they decided to reverse their decision and allow employees to wear clothing of accessories in favor of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Starbucks has had other scandals in the past, most notably, another instance of racial injustice that took place in a Philadelphia Starbucks. In 2018, two black men were sitting peacefully in a Starbucks when an employee called the cops on the men as they had “not ordered anything from the store”. When officers arrived, the two men calmly explained to the officer that they were waiting for a third friend to join them. The third friend did indeed arrive shortly after but the officers still arrested the two men on “suspicion of trespassing”.
On March 20, 2020, Starbucks announced a generous policy whereby employees in the US and Canada would be paid in full for up to 30 days of absence during the COVID-19 crisis.
However, Starbucks did not come around to this position quickly. A Buzzfeed investigation found numerous cases during the crucial time when the virus was spreading throughout the US where employees showed up to work sick and were not only allowed to serve food and drinks to customers, but were also refused leave by management.
Employees during these fraught early days of the virus were unable to take the requisite 2-week quarantine period off of work, undoubtedly enabling the spread of the virus to other employees and customers.
Sources
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/15/us/starbucks-philadelphia-black-men-arrest.html
https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/12/business/starbucks-black-lives-matter/index.html
https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/06/11/starbucks-bans-employees-from-wearing-black-lives-matter-attire/#1bbf1c606dd6
https://www.starbucks.com/
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/albertsamaha/coronavirus-starbucks-stores-open-retail-employees-scared
https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-starbucks-pay-workers-whether-or-not-they-work-2020-3
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A follower of my blog went to the ‘Suggest A Topic’ section of my website and posed this question: “As a program manager, and/or supervisor – how does one promote and enforce cultural humility and an inclusive workplace?”
This is a great question, and I appreciate the opportunity to address it. It’s also a very BIG question—articles, chapters, and books have been written about both cultural humility and inclusivity in the workplace. Given time constraints, I’ve taken the liberty of rewriting the question and dividing it into two more easily digestible posts, the second of which will appear next week.
Although I’d intuited what cultural humility might mean, in all honesty I hadn’t heard the term until this question was put to me. This despite the fact that I went to a really good grad school. Was I absent that day? Was there an elective I didn’t elect? Where was this crucial concept hiding, in the course curriculum? While perplexed and slightly troubled that cultural humility hadn’t found its way into my social work lexicon, I assume I’m not alone. So before delving into ways a supervisor or manager might promote cultural humility in the workplace, I’ll first explore what it is.
What is “cultural humility” (and what does it have to do with “cultural competence”)?
To practice cultural humility is to maintain a willingness to suspend what you know, or what you think you know, about a person based on generalizations about their culture. Rather, what you learn about your clients’ culture stems from being open to what they themselves have determined is their personal expression of their heritage and culture, what I call their personal culture.
In a compelling YouTube video by Director Vivian Chavez, Melanie Tervalon, a physician and consultant, and Jann Murray-Garcia, a nursing professor at UC Davis, thoughtfully discuss the philosophy and function of cultural humility. Here’s the URL:
They describe cultural humility as having ‘three dimensions.’
1) Lifelong learning & critical self-reflection — to practice cultural humility is to understand that culture is, first and foremost, an expression of self and that the process of learning about each individuals’ culture is a lifelong endeavor, because no two individuals are the same; each individual is a complicated, multi-dimensional human being who can rightfully proclaim “My identity is rooted in my history… and I get to say who I am.”
2) Recognizing and challenging power imbalances for respectful partnerships — while working to establish and maintain respect is essential in all healthy and productive relationships, the root of effective social work practice is in acknowledging and challenging the power imbalances inherent in our practitioner/client dynamics.
3) Institutional accountability — organizations need to model these principles as well (from micro, to mezzo and macro practice)
This model incorporates and expands upon what some adherents view as the limitations of “cultural competence.” Here is an excerpted passage from the video that illustrates a consequence derived from a reliance on cultural competence without cultural humility.
“An African American nurse is caring for a middle-aged Latino woman several hours after she’d had surgery. A Latino physician, on a consult service, approached the bedside and, noting the moaning patient, commented to the nurse that the patient seemed to be in a great deal of post-operative pain. The nurse summarily dismissed his perception, informing him that she took a course in nursing school in cross-cultural medicine, and knew that Hispanic patients over-express the pain that they are feeling. The Latino physician had a difficult time influencing the perspective of this nurse, who focused on her self-proclaimed cultural expertise.”
The video goes on to point out that the Latino doctor might have been a resource for the nurse, but because of the nurse’s self-perception of cultural competence she did not grasp the opportunity to learn that was right in front of her. She was not seeing her patient as a unique individual, but as a “Hispanic patient.” Confident in her cultural competency training the nurse believed she knew all that she needed to know in order to make a critical call about the patient’s well being in that moment. Sadly, this is not an uncommon belief.
Tervalon and Murray-Garcia cite an assumption among some who view their practice as culturally competent that they’ve “got it down”—that among providers, they are the expert and they know better than the consumer what the consumers’ experience is and needs are. Nothing could be more arrogant or further from the truth. Our clients are the experts on their lives, not their service providers. This personal belief, which in practice I have held inviolable, is the single thing that had me realize that although I’d not heard the phrase cultural humility I was, in fact, practicing it. Imperfectly, to be sure, but like I said—it’s a lifelong endeavor, the central tenet of which is a respect for the unique cultural experience of the individual and a commitment to learning that knows no end.
Cultural competence is a helpful starting point in the development of a caring, compassionate, and effective practice, but in light of a deepening understanding of cultural humility its limitations are revealed. In the example of the Latina patient, what the nurse claims was “true” for Hispanics was not true for her. If she’d had the opportunity to develop an understanding of the philosophy and practice of cultural humility it is likely she would have recognized what the Latino doctor suggested to her as an opportunity to learn. As a result, she might not have been so quick to dismiss her patient’s pain.
NEXT WEEK: Cultural Humility, Part II – Promoting Cultural Humility In the Workplace
Questions for Further Consideration
1) What is the relationship between the practice of cultural humility and expressions of cultural pride?
2) What experiences and qualities comprise your “personal culture?”
Additional Information On Cultural Humility
Cultural Humility Versus Cultural Competence: A Critical Distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved (May 1998)
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hpu/summary/v009/9.2.tervalon.html
Foundations For Community Health Workers, Berthold, Miller, Avila-Esparza (2009)
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About Craig Moncho
Craig is a Social Worker licensed in the state of New York, with specializations in homeless services, mental health, and housing. He also had a successful psychotherapy practice in New York City, where he worked with individuals and couples.
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This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged case management, cultural competence, cultural competency training, cultural humility, ethnicity, medicine, non-profit, not-for-profit, program management, racism, social work, social work students, social workers, supervision. Bookmark the permalink.
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9 Responses to Cultural Humility, Part I — What Is ‘Cultural Humility’?
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Craig Moncho says:
June 4, 2018 at 7:54 pm
Dear “Gifts…”,
I absolutely love it, too! What a richer experience of not only our uniqueness, but of those qualities that connect us, when we allow ourselves to honor and explore the personal culture we cultivate, each and every one of us, throughout our lives. Wonderful!
Your research certainly has aroused my curiosity—congratulations on this meaningful pursuit, and thank you for taking the time to read and comment.
Best wishes,
Craig
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lizzieharrigan says:
July 7, 2017 at 12:53 pm
Love this post!! Thank you for the video. I always struggled with “cultural competence” lessons in school. How can I ever be “competent” in a culture that is not my own? I’m glad this concept has evolved.
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Jen says:
October 27, 2016 at 6:36 pm
Very late to the post, but some interesting writing about “personal culture” is the book “Far from the tree” by Andrew Solomon
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Craig Moncho says:
June 4, 2018 at 7:40 pm
And even later to the reply, Jen. Forgive me! I have been a fan of Mr. Solomon’s since I first came across him on TED. Thanks for the recommendation—I will check it out.
Best wishes,
Craig
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Glorious Mani says:
August 21, 2016 at 4:56 am
Great post Craig. Invaluable points. Without a doubt generalization has the power to reduce the quality of the service and leaving the needs of clients unmet. Thanks for that!!!!
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Craig Moncho says:
June 4, 2018 at 7:37 pm
Dear Glorious,
I thank you for having read this post, and am glad you’ve gotten something from it. For technical reasons beyond my ability to understand, much less explain, I have only now been able to reply—please forgive me. Sadly, this has occurred with a number of comments, not only with yours.
Generalizing, stereotyping, is something many of us do, and have been subject to. This is not by way of excuse, but I’d like to think that in the majority of cases there is no malice involved, and I know you are not suggesting that there is. So much of what we do, personally and professionally, is done for the sake of expediency, of course, which has a certain useful aspect to it, but at a cost. One of those costs substantiates your point—making generalizations about the history or experience of our clients can unquestionably reduce the quality of service delivery, leaving critical service needs unmet. This is not only a question of education, understanding, and practice, unfortunately. It is also a consequence of usually overburdened front-line staff, the most talented of whom are managing more than can be reasonably expected of them.
Deep breath time! Cultural humility is a practice, and to my astonishment I still rarely hear it referred to in human and social services circles. As such, I am all the more appreciative of the time you took to read my articles, and join the conversation.
All the best to you and yours,
Craig
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rootedinbeing says:
August 23, 2013 at 9:38 am
Thanks for this post! I like the notion of a personal culture. I know much of my personal culture is comprised of what I’ve learned growing up the way I did. I think it is why I came into social work in the first place because I value social justice and humility, especially when working with people who are so deeply marginalized in our society.
I don’t think you’re the only social worker who missed this piece in our education. I think schools have gotten much better but I know it is a hard subject to take from the classroom and out to the world. Cultural humility means we have to change our own selves, and change is hard. I think personal experience with other cultures helps us recognize our own ignorance, and I’m not sure that piece will ever be able to be taught. It’s like teaching the naive to be savvy, it’s complex and doesn’t take place in a sterile environment like a classroom. For me that’s the difference between competence and humility. Cultural competence means we’ve been educated about other cultures, humility is how we should be practicing that competence in the field.
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Craig Moncho says:
August 23, 2013 at 12:51 pm
Hi Sarah (RootedInBeing),
Thanks for posting your question in ‘Suggest A Topic.’ As was my hope, it provoked me into learning something new about myself and my practice.
I, too, like the notion of a ‘personal culture.’ It almost seems… obvious, doesn’t it? And it makes me curious about where this concept, or something akin to it, exists in the literature. It seems so obvious, in fact, that I’m convinced it must exist somewhere. Does it go by a different name? I will develop this further and share as I go.
I very much agree with your take on this and appreciate your elegant framing of the relationship between cultural competence and cultural humility. It is worth repeating. “Cultural competence means we’ve been educated about other cultures, humility is how we should be practicing that competence in the field.”
Brava!
Your fan,
Craig
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