In the digital era of music streaming, companies, such as Spotify and Pandora, are faced with the following challenge: can they provide users with relevant and personalized music recommendations amidst the ever-growing abundance of music and user data.
The objective of this paper is to implement a personalized music recommender system that takes user listening history as input and continually finds new music that captures individual user preferences.
This paper argues that a music recommendation system should vary from the general recommendation system used in practice since it should combine music feature recognition and audio processing technologies to extract music features, and combine them with data on user preferences.
The authors of this paper took a content-based music approach to build the recommendation system - specifically, comparing the similarity of features based on the audio signal.
The following two-method approach to building the recommendation system was followed:
Make recommendations including genre information extracted from classification algorithms.
Make recommendations without genre information.
The authors used convolutional recurrent neural networks (CRNN), which is a combination of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural network(RNN), as their main classification model.
Methods and Techniques:
Generally, a music recommender can be divided into three main parts: (I) users, (ii) items, and (iii) user-item matching algorithms. First, we generated users' music tastes based on their profiles. Second, item profiling includes editorial, cultural, and acoustic metadata were collected for listeners' satisfaction. Finally, we come to the matching algorithm that suggests recommended personalized music to listeners.
To classify music, the original music’s audio signal is converted into a spectrogram image. Using the image and the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), we convert the data into the Mel scale which is used in the CNN and CRNN models.
Mel Scale:
The scale of pitches that are heard by listeners, which translates to equal pitch increments.
Mel Scale on Spectrogram
Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT):
The transformation that determines the sinusoidal frequency of the audio, with a Hanning smoothing function. In the continuous case this is written as: [math]\mathbf{STFT}\{x(t)\}(\tau,\omega) \equiv X(\tau, \omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(t) w(t-\tau) e^{-i \omega t} \, d t [/math]
where: [math]w(\tau)[/math] is the Hanning smoothing function
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN):
Neural Network that uses convolution in place of matrix multiplication for some layer calculations. By training the data, weights for inputs are updated to find the most significant data relevant to classification. These convolutional layers gather small groups of data and with kernels, and try to find patterns that can help find features in the overall data. The features are then used for classification. Padding is also used to maintain the data on the edges.
Convolution Operation
Example of Padding (white 0s) and Kernels (blue square)
Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN):
Similar Neural Network as CNN, with the addition of a GRU, which is a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). An RNN is used to treat sequential data, by reusing the activation function of previous nodes to update the output. A Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) is used to store more long-term memory and will help train the early hidden layers.
Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
Diagram of General Recurrent Neural Network
Data Screening:
The authors of this paper used a publicly available music dataset made up of 25,000 30-second songs from the Free Music Archives. To ensure a balanced dataset, only 1000 songs each from the genres of classical, electronic, folk, hip-hop, instrumental, jazz and rock were used in the final model.
Data sorted by music genre
Implementation:
Modeling Neural Networks
As noted previously, both CNNs and CRNNs were used to model the data. The advantage of CRNNs is that they are able to model time sequence patterns in addition to frequency features from the spectrogram, allowing for greater identification of important features. Furthermore, feature vectors produced before the classification stage could be used to improve accuracy.
In implementing the neural networks, the Mel-spectrogram data was split up into training, validation, and test sets at a ratio of 8:1:1 respectively and labelled via one-hot encoding. This made it possible for the categorical data to be labelled correctly for binary classification. As opposed to classical stochastic gradient descent, the authors opted to use Adam optimization to update weights in the training phase. Binary cross-entropy was used as the loss function.
In both the CNN and CRNN models, the data was trained over 100 epochs with a binary cross-entropy loss function. The sigmoid function was used as the output layer.
An overview of the CNN and CRNN architecture can be found in the charts below.
Implementation of CNN Model
Implementation of CRNN Model
Music Recommendation System
The recommendation system is computed by the cosine similarity of the extraction features from the neural network. Each genre will have a song act as a centre point for each class. The final inputs of the trained neural networks will be the feature variables. The featured variables will be used in the cosine similarity to find the best recommendations.
The values are between [-1,1], where larger values are songs that have similar features. When the user inputs five songs, those songs become the new inputs in the neural networks and the features are used by the cosine similarity with other music. The largest five cosine similarities are used as recommendations.
Cosine Similarity
Evaluation Metrics
Precision:
The proportion of True Positives with respect to the predicted positive cases (true positives and false positives)
For example, out of all the songs that the classifier predicted as Classical, how many are actually Classical?
Describes the rate at which the classifier predicts the true genre of songs among those predicted to be of that certain genre
Recall:
The proportion of True Positives with respect to the actual positive cases (true positives and false negatives)
For example, out of all the songs that are actually Classical, how many are correctly predicted to be Classical?
Describes the rate at which the classifier predicts the true genre of songs among the correct instances of that genre
F1-Score:
An accuracy metric that combines the classifier’s precision and recall scores by taking the harmonic mean between the two metrics:
F1-Score
Receiver operating characteristics (ROC):
A graphical metric that is used to assess a classification model at different classification thresholds
In the case of a classification threshold of 0.5, this means that if [math]P(Y = k | X = x) \gt 0.5[/math] then we classify this instance as class k
Plots the true positive rate versus false positive rate as the classification threshold is varied
ROC Graph. Comparison of True Positive Rate and False Positive Rate
Area Under the Curve (AUC)
AUC is the area under the ROC in doing so, the ROC provides an aggregate measure across all possible classification thresholds.
In the context of the paper: When scoring all songs as [math]Prob(Classical | X=x)[/math], it is the probability that the model ranks a random Classical song at a higher probability than a random non-Classical song.
Area under the ROC curve.
Results
Accuracy Metrics
The table below is the accuracy metrics with the classification threshold of 0.5.
True Positive / False Positive Chart
On average, CRNN outperforms CNN in true positive and false positive cases.
F1 Chart
On average, CRNN outperforms CNN in F1-score.
AUC Chart
On average, CRNN also outperforms CNN in AUC metric.
CRNN models that consider the frequency features and time sequence patterns of songs have a better classification performance through metrics such as F1 score and AUC when comparing to CNN classifier.
Evaluation of Music Recommendation System:
A listening experiment was performed with 30 participants to access user responses to given music recommendations.
Participants choose 5 preferred music and the recommender system gives 5 recommendations; the participants evaluated the music recommendation by recording whether the song was liked or disliked.
The recommendation system takes two approaches to the recommendation:
Method one uses only the value of cosine similarity.
Method two uses the value of cosine similarity and information on music genre.
Perform test of significance of differences in respondents to the two methods using t-statistic:
Hypothesis test between method 1 and method 2
Comparing the two methods, [math] H_0: u_1 - u_2 = 0[/math], we have [math] t_{stat} = -4.743 \lt -2.037 [/math] which concludes that the addition of a music genre information increases -- it is statistically significant.
Conclusion:
Here are two main conclusions obtained from this paper:
- To increase the predictive capabilities of the music recommendation system, the music genre should be a key feature to analyze.
- To extract the song genre from a song’s audio signals and get overall better performance, CRNN’s are superior to CNN’s as they consider frequency in features and time sequence patterns of audio signals.
According to analyses in the paper, the authors also suggested adding other music features like tempo gram for capturing local tempo to improve the accuracy of the recommender system.
Critiques/ Insights:
The authors fail to give reference to the performance of current recommendation algorithms used in the industry; my critique would be for the authors to bench-mark their novel approach with other recommendation algorithms such as collaborative filtering to see if there is a lift in predictive capabilities.
The listening experiment used to evaluate the recommendation system only includes songs that are outputted by the model. Users may be biased if they believe all songs have come from a recommendation system. To remove bias, we suggest having 15 songs where 5 songs are recommended and 10 songs are set. With this in the user’s mind, it may remove some bias in response and give more accurate predictive capabilities.
They could go into more details about how CRNN makes it perform better than CNN, in terms of attributes of each network.
The methodology introduced in this paper is probably also suitable for movie recommendations. As music is presented as spectrograms (images) in a time sequence, and it is very similar to a movie.
The way of evaluation is a very interesting approach. Since it's usually not easy to evaluate the testing result when it's subjective. By listing all these evaluations' performance, the result would be more comprehensive.
The paper lacks the comparison between the proposed algorithm and the music recommendation algorithms being used now. It will be clearer to show the superiority of this algorithm.
The GAN neural network has been proposed to enhance the performance of the neural network, so an improved result may appear after considering using GAN.
The limitation of CNN and CRNN could be that they are only able to process the spectrograms with single labels rather than multiple labels. This is far from enough for the music recommender systems in today's music industry since the edges between various genres are blurred.
according to the author, the recommender system is done by calculating the cosine similarity of extraction features from one music to another music. Is possible to represent it by Euclidean distance or p-norm distances?
In real-life application, most of the music software will have the ability to recommend music to the listener and ask do they like the music that was recommended. It would be a nice application by involving some new information from the listener.
This paper is very similar to another paper, Paper, written by Bruce Fewerda and Markus Schedl. Both papers are suggesting methods of building music recommendation systems. However, this paper recommends music based on genre, but the paper written by Fewerda and Schedl suggests a personality-based user modeling for music recommender systems.
Retrieved from "http://wiki.math.uwaterloo.ca/statwiki/index.php?title=Music_Recommender_System_Based_using_CRNN&oldid=47971"


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After spending hours carefully considering 69,835 reviews of customers on the Internet, we have come up with a list of Best elliptical for small apartment. Check out the Best elliptical for small apartment of 2021 below to find out your best choice. All products selected from major brands as Schwinn, EFITMENT, Body Champ, Sunny Health & Fitness, NICEDAY, Schwinn Fitness, Stamina, Cubii, Gazelle.
Products Suggest Related Reviews Knowledge
By, Maria Lebsack
29 Nov 2021 20:40
TOP Choice #1
SCHWINN Fitness 411 Compact Elliptical Machine
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Our Score:
9.8
Brand: Schwinn
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Moving and fixed padded handlebars with heart rate contact grips
Explore the world and discover more than 50 global routes that auto-adjust in real time to your speed (Explore the World subscription required)
TOP Choice #2
EFITMENT Magnetic Elliptical Machine Trainer w/LCD Monitor and Pulse Rate Grips (E005)
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Our Score:
9.7
Brand: EFITMENT
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COMPACT - A small footprint design makes this a space saver and ideal for small rooms, apartments, or anywhere where a tight space is required
QUIET AND MOBILE - A belt driven flywheel ensures a quiet, smooth and maintenance free workout and the E006 incorporates transportation wheels for easy mobility to move and store away your equipment out of sight
TOP Choice #3
Body Champ 3-in-1 Home Gym, Upright Exercise Bike, Elliptical Machine & Recumbent Bike, Trio Trainer Exercise Machine Plus Two Upper Body Options, Silver, BRT7989
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Our Score:
9.5
Brand: Body Champ
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MULTIFUNCTIONAL DESIGN: With a patented 3-in-1 design, this Trio Trainer can function as an elliptical trainer, upright stationary bike, and recumbent bike. Save space and get all the cardio training you love with this multi-function exercise machine.
PERFECT FOR HOME GYM: Because it provides so many workout possibilities, it is perfect for your home gym setup. The transport wheel makes this home gym machine easy to transport and store when not in use. Deluxe faux leather stitched seat/back pads adjust both horizontally and vertically.
4
Sunny Health & Fitness SF-E905 Elliptical Machine Cross Trainer with 8 Level Resistance and Digital Monitor , Gray, White, 28 L x 17 W x 57 H
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Our Score:
9.3
Brand: Sunny Health & Fitness
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STABILIZER: Achieve smooth and even movement by leveling your elliptical bike with the onboard stabilizers.
RESISTANCE: Easily adjust the intensity of your workout with the twist of the precise micro-controller equipped with 8 levels of magnetic resistance.
5
Sunny Health & Fitness SF-E902 Air Walk Trainer Elliptical Machine Glider w/LCD Monitor, 220 LB Max Weight and 30 Inch Stride
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Our Score:
9.1
Brand: Sunny Health & Fitness
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Total BODY workout: The air Walker exercise machine targets muscles in your arms as well as your legs. When you maintain an upright posture on the machine, your abdominal muscles will work as stabilizing muscles increasing your stability and endurance
Space saving: when not in Use, easily fold the product and pedals up to 1/2 the length (15L x 19W x 61. 5H)
6
NICEDAY Elliptical Machine, Cross Trainer with Hyper-Quiet Magnetic Driving System, 16 Resistance Levels, 400LB Weight Limit
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Our Score:
8.9
Brand: NICEDAY
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【Long-life Service Promise】We promise to provide a life-long service to the NICEDAY elliptical machine. We will pay for all of the replacement costs if customers need replacements. We have set a professional online service team to provide help with this elliptical machine. All messages will get responses within 24 hours.
【400 LBS Weight Capacity】The NICEDAY's main frame is made of the 8*5CM extra-thicken commercial steel pipe. The heavy-duty base contributes outstanding stability and loading capacity. It is for a long-term exercise workout, not those simple products for only a few months' use.
7
Schwinn Fitness 430 Elliptical
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Our Score:
8.7
Brand: Schwinn Fitness
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High speed, high inertia drive system for easy start-up and smooth, quiet workouts
Goal Track capability enables users to set individual exercise goals
8
Sunny Health & Fitness Magnetic Elliptical Trainer Machine w/Device Holder, Programmable Monitor and Heart Rate Monitoring, 330 LB Max Weight - SF-E3912
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Our Score:
8.6
Brand: Sunny Health & Fitness
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POWERFUL WORKOUTS: Take advantage of 24 unique workout modes, including manual, pre-program, watt, body fat, heart rate, and user programs
WEIGHT CAPACITY: Take advantage of the 330 lb weight capacity and its floor stabilizers, which will keep the elliptical steady
9
Stamina InMotion Compact Strider, Black, (L x W x H):24.00 x 18.00 x 12.00 IN
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Our Score:
8.5
Brand: Stamina
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Adjustable tension
Large, non-slip pedals
10
Cubii JR1 Seated Under Desk Elliptical Machine for Home Workout, Mini Elliptical, Desk Bike Pedal Exerciser, Whisper Quiet, Under Desk Pedal Exerciser w/Adjustable Resistance & LCD Display - Aqua
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Our Score:
8.4
Brand: Cubii
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WHISPER QUIET MINI EXERCISE BIKE - Enjoy your favorite show, read your current book, and stay productive at work all while you Cubii without the worry of distraction!
COMPACT ELLIPTICAL- Leading compact and ergonomic mini elliptical that lets you workout or rehab while you sit at home or the office.
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What information do you need to select the best Best elliptical for small apartment?
Purchasing Best elliptical for small apartment causes many individuals to be nervous. Several factors must be addressed before making a large-scale purchase. Our knowledge about Best elliptical for small apartment will help you make the best possible decision.
We've tested the ones that have shown to be the most effective. Before purchasing Best elliptical for small apartment, it is recommended that you do your homework. The following are some questions you might want to think about.
According to consumers, what is the most popular product on the market right now?
Why should I spend money on this item?
What are the benefits that the product offers to customers?
What should I consider while deciding whether or not to invest in a project?
Although shopping online is convenient, how does it benefit the consumer?
Thanks to the expansion of sales websites, online consultation forums, user evaluations, and comments in today's information technology network, Best elliptical for small apartments have become one of the most important and relevant information sources available on the internet.
Inventors have tested and approved many of the goods on our list. Take into account the following:
1. Recognized brand
Several manufacturers compete on product features, including materials, price, and volume. Customers, on the other hand, have reservations about them. People are more likely to trust a firm that shares their religious and financial views. These are the ideals you hold dear.
2. Aesthetics
Aesthetics is the second consideration. Examine the product's characteristics and attributes in-depth for any significant flaws or suggestions.
3. Specifications
The volume, shape, and weight of a product will be specified. Each parameter type will be chosen based on the needs of the person and the family.
4. Product characteristics
Prior to purchasing a product, it is now necessary to conduct research. That simple concept will indeed have a massive impact on all you accomplish.
5. Customer ratings
When working with a large number of objects, having a complete picture of them is essential. We should compare products first and primarily based on their evaluations.
6. Feedback from the public
When using a product, customers provide ratings and reviews. As a result, the scope of your product study will be narrowed.
7. Product effectiveness
Consumers look at the material first when assessing the worth of a product. Even if you aren't touching it, you will get the impression that you are!
8. Longevity of the product
Buyers that prioritize durability will gravitate toward durable items. A good warranty will save you money in the long run on repairs and replacements.
The information above is assumed to be accurate since merchandising consultant professionals with a wide range of experience. We also keep Best elliptical for small apartment data up to date at all times. You may rest easy knowing that the information is up to date and correct.
Issues with Best elliptical for small apartment should be reported so that we can enhance your experience. As a result of your positive feedback, we'll strive for even more outstanding quality!
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By, Maria Lebsack
Maria Lebsack is a gifted Music Producer with seven years of building fantastic sound tapestries and taking artists to the next level. Inspiration and motivation, coaxing the best performances out of artists and delivering a tight finished product. In 2006, He studied in Driscoll School of Music and graduated in Bachelor of science: Music Engineering LA, England. He worked as assistant Music Producer with Behemoth Records in business Minor. He has not only strong knowledge of movie scores, musical instruments, but he also has experience with theatrical, industrial and concert touring. He likes playing guitar, piano and drum set. He wants to share his reviews to everyone choosing one of favorite musical instruments.
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I covered breaking news for the Arizona Republic/azcentral.com from August 2020 - December 2020. My coverage included Black Lives Matter demonstrations, the 2020 election, community, weather, traffic and more.
The Arizona Republic • January 2021
'No wrong way to be queer': Phoenix nonprofit One n Ten empowers LGBTQ+ youth
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Arizona State University workers join UA in historic decision to unionize
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Grand Avenue thrift shop owner no longer facing eviction thanks to community support
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
'Houseless not hopeless:' Groups protest the criminalization of homelessness in Phoenix
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A Phoenix woman says police injured her while arresting her Friday in connection with a protest that she did not attend and for which charges against her were dropped the next day. Leslie Pico has been an active protester since late May, but she didn't attend the protest Friday commemorating the 57th anniversary of the March on Washington, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. She had celebrated her 34th birthday the day before and said she was taking a bre
The Arizona Republic • April 2020
Virus may bring greater medical and financial risks for undocumented
It’s been a month since Juana stopped taking her key medication to treat the chronic vascular disease that attacks her immune system and debilitates her blood vessels. She has had three heart attacks in the past eight years. Without the medication, Juana said it’s only a matter of time before her symptoms — burning sensations in her legs and feet, severe fatigue and difficulty walking — come back. Without treatment, she could eventually suffer organ failure and die. Juana, who asked that her l
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The Arizona Republic • January 2021
'No wrong way to be queer': Phoenix nonprofit One n Ten empowers LGBTQ+ youth
'No wrong way to be queer': Phoenix nonprofit One n Ten empowers LGBTQ+ youth One n Ten’s mission is simple: empower LGBTQ+ youth and young adults and help cultivate a world where they are accepted and loved for who they are. The nonprofit provides housing for homeless youth, life skills training, educational programs, youth centers, a summer camp and a community in Phoenix. One n Ten served nearly 1,200 youth and young adults in 2019 and have continued to serve youth online through the COVID
The Arizona Republic • January 2021
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The Arizona Republic • January 2021
Man dies after argument leads to shooting on New Year's Eve in west Phoenix
Man dies after argument leads to shooting on New Year's Eve in west Phoenix A man died after an argument ended with gunfire on New Year's Eve in west Phoenix, police officials said. Officers responded to a report of a shooting near 87th and Glenrosa avenues shortly before 9 p.m. on Thursday. They found a man with a gunshot wound, and Phoenix fire personnel pronounced him dead. Police said the man had arrived at the suspect's house with a gun. The man and the suspect had an argument, and durin
The Arizona Republic • January 2021
Person dies after running onto Interstate 17 in north Phoenix near SR 303; traffic diverted
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
1 child dead, many people injured in 4-vehicle crash on I-10 near Eloy
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Jackknifed Amazon truck blocking I-10 lanes near Chandler Blvd.
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Man dead after ejecting from car Christmas morning
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
'A very nice day': Phoenix wakes up to light showers Christmas morning
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Man found shot dead Christmas morning in Phoenix roadway
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Phoenix police shoot man during domestic violence call Christmas morning
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Arizona State University workers join UA in historic decision to unionize
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
Maricopa County Sheriff's Office deputy reports his car stolen with weapon inside
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
After 21 years at 2 homes, famous Ahwatukee Christmas lights display enters final season
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
4 charged in Arizona with committing fraud to receive COVID-19 assistance
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Arizona State University cancels spring break in effort to slow spread of COVID-19
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Goodyear police officer among 2 injured in crash on I-10 near 43rd Avenue
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Grand Avenue thrift shop owner no longer facing eviction thanks to community support
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
1 dead, 1 injured in shooting at Phoenix business near 83rd Avenue, Indian School Road
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The Arizona Republic • December 2020
'Be the light': ASU community celebrates Chanukah amid coronavirus pandemic
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Between 23 July and 8 August, what is described as the greatest sporting event will take place, the Games of the XXXII Olympiad. Delayed for a year due to the global pandemic that is Covid-19, the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 will finally take place, with the Paralympic Games taking place a few weeks later 28 August to 5 September. Some 2000 athletes from 200 countries will compete in 47 events that will test speed, endurance, strength, and skill.
The games are traditionally a celebration of sporting endeavour. But occasionally the winners are not the best athlete in an event. Sometimes they win because they have access to the best drugs and doctors, not because of their sporting prowess or skill. But at the American Chemical Society Spring 2021 meeting, a team led by Christopher Chouinard from the Florida Institute of Technology will announce a new approach to testing for doping using ion mobility-mass spectrometry.
Citius - Altius - Fortius - Cheatius
Every year, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) sends out a list of substances that an athlete is prohibited from taking. The substances are split into those always banned, banned in competition and those banned only in specific sports. Substances covered include steroids, stimulants and even gene doping. WADA also runs a monitoring program for substances that are not on the prohibited list, but WADA wants to monitor to look for patterns of misuse in sport.
Laboratories currently analyse samples using either gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Chromatography separates the compounds in the sample which can then be analysed using mass spectrometry. It is a powerful technique that is used many different fields. But it can be difficult to tell the difference between molecules with small structural differences, for example different isomers and the difference between endogenous and exogenous steroids.
Challenging the dopers
Chouinard has developed a different approach. Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry is a technique he learned as a graduate student. By reacting a steroid sample with acetone or ozone before analysis with IMS-MS it can accentuate the differences between isomers. The power of IMS-MS is discussed in the article, Delivering the Power of Ion Mobility Spectrometry - Mass Spectrometry to the Point of Analysis.
This technique was well known to researchers who study lipids, but new to doping analysis. The team has demonstrated that the method is effective in doped samples containing prohibited steroids and glucocorticoids which help improve performance by suppressing inflammation from injuries. The team are hoping to demonstrate that the method is effective against newly created illicit compounds that are used to dope and improve performance.
Will they be quick off the mark and clean up at the Olympics?
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The Akron Aeros won the Eastern League title in 2005, so there was obviously some talent on the roster. Here's where the talent is, and if it can translate into major-league talent.
The Offense
Going into the season, Michael Aubrey and Franklin Gutierrez were considered the organization's best position player prospects. And each had a disappointing season for different reasons.
Michael Aubrey hit .283/.336/.462 in limited at-bats, but his problem has been staying on the field. This season, the culprit was a bad back, and as late as August, the Indians were unsure as to when he'd return. He was slated to play in the Arizona Fall League, but the injury prevented him from doing so. Here's a description of the injury:
Aubrey, among the Indians' upper-tier prospects at the outset of the season, has been sidelined since early June because of a back injury resulting from an awkward slide into second base. He suffered a vertebrae contusion and is on the disabled list at Class AA Akron.
Aubrey continues to be dogged by pain that radiates from the lower back to the hamstring area.
"Based on what we know, there is cause for concern, no doubt about it," Indians farm director John Farrell said. "He gets to the point in rehab where he starts to swing the bat, run and do other baseball activities - then the discomfort returns. We are exhausting every available means of remedy, to the extent of epidural injections, but we haven't been able to solve the problem."
There's no doubt that Aubrey has the tools to become a good major-league player, but if he can't stay healthy, then it won't matter how good his glove or his swing is. I still think he's the organization's best first base prospect, but there are several players just behind him.
Gutierrez started extremely slow at the plate, which was especially troubling given 2005 was his second shot in Akron. Franklin did finish the season strong, and was called up to Cleveland late in the season to serve as a pinch-runner and defensive replacement. Franklin's speed and defense are major-league ready, but he's going to have to show more offensive consistency to win. He did improve his strikeout and walk rates, thanks to a re-tooling from minor-league hitting instructor Derek Shelton, but he's yet to have that breakout stretch. He should be Buffalo's center fielder, but he could easily project in right field as well thanks to his arm.
Brad Snyder had that breakout stretch in Akron this season. His power took off after a mid-season promotion from Kinston. When you look at Brad's lines you get concerned about his strikeout rates. He went to Arizona to work on two-strike hitting, and although we don't know how that's progressing, we do know that he's hitting .367/.438/.582 for Mesa thus far. Brad has the ability to play all three outfield positions, but is projected to eventually settle into a corner position.
Ryan Mulhern continued his torrid stretch in Akron, collecting 36 extra-base hits in 244 at-bats. You can read more about Mulhern in the Kinston recap.
Two unsung heroes of the Aeros' title run were the team's two middle infielders. Ivan Ochoa and Eider Torres fortified the team's defense up the middle at second and short. Neither hit for any power, but the Indians thought highly enough of Ochoa's defense to place him on the 40-man roster in November of 2003. Torres profiles as a player teams pick in the Rule 5 draft; he can play good defense, has speed, is somewhat raw, and plays a premium position.
I'll talk about Jason Cooper in the next installment.
There's two other hitters worth mentioning.
Jon Van Every was the embodiment of the Three True Outcomes (walk, strikeout, home run). He struck out a whopping 155 times in 389 at-bats, but walked 66 times and hit 27 home runs. No, I don't think he's major-league material, but the stat-line was really cool.
Ben Francisco, however, could make it to the majors as a reserve outfielder. He had an impressive showing in 2005, and is another Rule 5 possibility if the Indians don't add him to the 40-man roster (which is very likely). He was 15-19 in stolen bases with the Aeros.
The Pitchers
Jeremy Sowers was the star of the pitching corps, but there were several sparkling supporting performances.
JD Martin started out quickly, posting an impressing line before injuring his elbow. He'll miss a good part of next season recovering from Tommy John surgery. Martin had a tremendous debut in 2001. and hadn't shown anything remotely close to his performance in Burlington...until this season.
Jake Dittler regressed in his second stint with the Aeros. He's a ground-ball pitcher (2.49 G/F ratio in 2005) with a mid-90s fastball and a good curve. His changeup is still a work in progress.
Dan Denham, another member of the 2001 draft class, has slipped behind both Martin and Dittler. But this season's line shows some hope for the future; he held Eastern League hitters to a .605 OPS. At this rate though, Denham will settle into the Indians' rotation in 2009, given it seems to take him two years to master each level.
Brian Slocum had a good showing in Arizona, posting a 3.15 ERA over 20 innings, ending his season on a positive note. The 24-year-old upped his strikeout rates in Akron, but had some control issues.
As mentioned above, Jeremy Sowers was the best of the bunch, and thanks to Adam Miller's disappointing 2005 campaign, has become, in my opinion, the organization's best pitching prospect. The left-hander doesn't have a blazing fastball, but combines command of four pitches with a knowledge of pitching beyond his years. His 70-to-9 strikeout-to-walk ratio in Akron was extremely impressive given that 2005 marked his professional debut. There's a very real possibility that Sowers could make it to Cleveland sometime in 2006.
I'm going to save Fausto Carmona for the next installment.
The Aeros' bullpen also featured several good performances. Edward Mujica continued to excel in his new role, and left-hander Rafael Perez made a smooth transition to the bullpen. Chris Cooper and Juan Lara are two others to keep an eye on.
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The flight distance between the nearest airports North-pole (TOS) and Austin (AUS) is 4,138.51 mi (6,660.29 km). This corresponds to an approximate flight time of 8h 20min. Similar flight routes: TOS → SAT , TOS → IAH , TOS → HOU , TOS → CRP , BOO → AUS
Bearing: 185.41° (S)
The initial bearing on the course from North-pole to Austin is 185.41° and the compass direction is S.
Midpoint: 60.13358,-97.74306
The geographic midpoint between North-pole and Austin is in 2,063.57 mi (3,321.00 km) distance between both points in a bearing of 185.41°. It is located in Canada.
Distance: 4,127.15 mi (6,642.00 km)
The shortest distance (air line) between North-pole and Austin is 4,127.15 mi (6,642.00 km).
Driving route: -- ( - )
The shortest route between North-pole and Austin is according to the route planner. The driving time is approx. . Half of the trip is reached in .
#2 Austin
Austin, Travis County, Texas, United States of America Austin, Travis County, Texas, United States of America Latitude: 30.267153 30° 16' 1.751'' NLongitude: -97.743057 -97° 44' 35.005'' ELocal time: 14:50 (30.11.2021) : (America/Chicago)
How is the distance calculated?
To calculate the distance between North-pole and Austin, the place names are converted into coordinates (latitude and longitude). The respective geographic centre is used for cities, regions and countries. To calculate the distance the Haversine formula is applied.
Similar routes:
Similar distance (± 0.5%)
Austin is just as far away from North-pole as North-pole from Shanghai (6,536 km), Delhi (6,822 km), Wuhan (6,607 km), Cairo (6,665 km), Chongqing (6,721 km), Chengdu (6,598 km), Nanjing (6,442 km), Nanchong (6,583 km), Lahore (6,498 km), Hangzhou (6,639 km).
North-pole to New York, North-pole to Los Angeles, North-pole to Chicago, North-pole to Houston, North-pole to Philadelphia, North-pole to Phoenix, North-pole to San Antonio, North-pole to San Diego, North-pole to Dallas, North-pole to San Jose, North-pole to Austin, North-pole to Jacksonville, North-pole to Indianapolis, Austin to New York, Austin to Los Angeles, Austin to Chicago, Austin to Houston, Austin to Philadelphia, Austin to Phoenix, Austin to San Antonio, Austin to San Diego, Austin to Dallas, Austin to San Jose, Austin to Jacksonville, Austin to Indianapolis,
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England call up Man United's Maguire; Greenwood, Foden not included
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Oct 1, 2020
James OlleySenior Writer, ESPN FC
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England manager Gareth Southgate believes he has repaired the rift with Manchester United counterpart Ole Gunnar Solskjaer over his treatment of Mason Greenwood.
The Three Lions manager named on Thursday a 30-man squad for matches against Wales, Belgium and Denmark which included a recall for Harry Maguire but Greenwood and Phil Foden were left out.
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All three players were embroiled in controversy last month when Maguire was handed a 21-month suspended jail sentence by a Greek court for aggravated assault, resisting arrest and attempted bribery following an incident while on his summer break in Mykonos.
Greenwood and Foden were sent home from the previous camp in disgrace after breaching team rules and coronavirus protocols by meeting two women in a different part of the team hotel in Iceland, outside of the squad's bubble just hours after making their senior debuts.
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Solskjaer voiced his concerns over Greenwood's initial call-up and then the Football Association's decision to put the 19-year-old forward for media duties.
However, Southgate said: "I have spoken to Ole. I felt that was important because the best way for us to communicate is always directly so we had a really good chat at the end of last week. We're actually on a similar page on a lot of things: the idea of looking after young players is very important in how we develop them.
"The only thing where there was a misunderstanding, we did have contact from the club, they were still in Europe [into August] and wanted to know whether there would be dispensation for the clubs that were still in Europe [after the end of the last Premier League season]. That was understandable because it was a very difficult situation for Manchester City, Manchester United, Wolves, Chelsea.
"But because we had four clubs in that situation and what that would mean in the knock-on effects for other clubs, we just couldn't help that."
Southgate insisted that Maguire's return to the squad was a foregone conclusion while Foden and Greenwood needed time to reflect on their actions.
"I said last month there was absolutely no reason we couldn't pick Harry this time and he has been our most reliable defender over the last couple of years so it was not even a consideration in terms of whether he would be in the squad or not," said Southgate.
"With what happened [regarding Foden and Greenwood], there are two parts. We have to send a message to all our players in our teams at every age level that sort of thing isn't how we do things with England.
"But then we have also got to rehabilitate these two boys. These lads have suffered now enough. We didn't think it was right, they need this period of reflection but then that gives them the opportunity to get back on their feet with their clubs.
"They are both starting to play well again, which is important, and then I can speak to them after this camp and it will be about their form then as to whether they are selected next time around."
Southgate, who selected three players for the first time in Arsenal's Bukayo Saka, Everton's Dominic Calvert-Lewin and Leicester's Harvey Barnes, aimed a mild-mannered dig at Jose Mourinho after the Tottenham head coach insisted his players could not play in three international matches following a hectic start to the domestic campaign.
Referencing Mourinho's comments about his friendship with Steve Holland -- now England assistant manager but formerly on Mourinho's staff at Chelsea -- Southgate said: "Jose was great wasn't he? He's on good form. I heard him.
"He won't phone but he's going to stand at the top of Tottenham's stadium and tell us so that was good. I was a bit disappointed I'm not one of his friends, I know Steve is.
"In fairness, Steve helped him to a league title so that's understandable. We certainly are not looking to start players in three games. I can't guarantee that no player will play no minute of all three games.
"You might end up having to put someone on for five minutes and then people will be saying 'you didn't do what you said.' But our aim is to manage the squad. We have got to be responsible. We are conscious of the welfare of the players. The season as a whole is a huge challenge for clubs and national teams. So we've all got to work together.
"It doesn't help anybody if we aren't joined up on our thinking and all Jose needs to do is make sure in April and May that he has got to look after Harry Kane for us because there will be 55 million people relying on that. That obviously works both ways."


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Official: Over 90% of fed workers have complied with Biden's vax mandate ahead of Monday deadline
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President Joe Biden points to the Oval Office of the White House as he arrives on Marine One on the South Lawn in Washington, Sunday, Nov. 21, 2021, as he returns from Wilmington, Del. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
By: The Associated Press & Scripps National
Posted at 9:19 AM, Nov 22, 2021
and last updated 2021-11-22 09:23:01-05
With federal government employees facing a Monday deadline to provide proof of vaccination against COVID-19, the Biden administration says the vast majority of those workers have already complied with the mandate.
The Associated Press, citing an unnamed Biden administration official, reports that 90% of federal employees have provided proof of vaccination ahead of Monday's deadline.
A U.S. official said the vast majority of federal workers are fully vaccinated and that a smaller number have pending or approved exceptions to the mandate.
In September, Biden issued an order that required all federal employees to get a COVID-19 shot and provide proof by Nov. 22. The mandate did not provide a test-out option, except for those who received a medical or religious exemption.
Last week, White House press secretary Jen Psaki told reporters that the Biden administration wasn't concerned about a lack of compliance.
"We don't see it as a cliff," Psaki said Friday, according to NPR.
The federal vaccine mandate was part of a six-pronged plan Biden introduced earlier this fall to boost vaccinations and fight back against COVID-19.
Another aspect of the plan, a vaccine mandate for companies that employ more than 100 people, is currently tied up in litigation. OSHA has said it will follow a court order and not take steps to implement the mandate right now but "remains confident in its authority to protect workers in emergencies."
Biden has already implemented a vaccine mandate for those working in the Department of Defense.
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Vizient, Inc. (Irving, TX) announced the launch of its set of solutions to improve healthcare supply chain resiliency through greater transparency and predictability across trading partners.
The GPO says that these solutions will offer health systems greater visibility into supplier manufacturing and distribution sites, tracking of impactful events and risk management services for a provider’s critical supply list.
“The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a historical weakness in the U.S. health care supply chain – a lack of transparency and predictability between suppliers and providers. The Vizient resilience solution set has been developed to address these issues head on so trading partners across the supply chain are sharing information at a deeper level, and in real time, which will elevate overall performance and flexibility,” said David Gillan, senior vice president, Emerging Solutions and Supplier Engagement for Vizient.
Also included is a technology-enabled platform for Vizient members and suppliers for demand forecasting, real-time inventory availability and disruption alerts for end-to-end logistics management.
The Vizient resilience solution set has three foundational elements:
Supplier pedigree data
Critical supplies management service
Technology to support the resilience network platform
Supplier pedigree data involves the adoption and utilization of supplier data standards across the provider and supplier community, including securely collecting and maintaining information on the physical location of major manufacturing, distribution or critical raw material sites.
Critical supplies management services provide disruptive event tracking and risk management of a provider’s critical supply list. Advisors monitor and share actionable information to supply chain managers that enable them to efficiently manage their inventory of critical supplies and quickly pivot to alternative suppliers and conservation strategies as needed.
Vizient is establishing a resilience network platform through a strategic relationship with E2open (Austin, Texas), a network-based provider of cloud-based, mission-critical, end-to-end supply chain management software, to facilitate the rapid development of a multi-party collaboration platform. Vizient says that the platform will enable timely insights into forecast, inventory availability, transportation, and consumption of goods with proactive management alerts for disruptions and imbalances to improve availability of healthcare products.
Once launched, the GPO says the new technology will give members and suppliers participating in the resilience network platform secure, permission-based access for: