"I Love Lucy" is the title song to the television sitcom. The music was written as an instrumental with lyrics written by Harold Adamson, who was nominated five times for an Oscar. The lyrics to "I Love Lucy" were sung by Desi Arnaz in the episode "Lucy's Last Birthday".
I Love Lucy is a landmark American television sitcom starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. The black-and-white series originally ran from October 15, 1951, to May 6, 1957, on CBS. After the series ended in 1957, however, a modified version continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials, running from 1957 to 1960, known first as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy--Desi Comedy Hour.
I Love Lucy was the most watched show in the United States in four of its six seasons, and was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings (an accomplishment later matched by The Andy Griffith Show and Seinfeld). I Love Lucy is still syndicated in dozens of languages across the world. A colorized version of its Christmas episode attracted more than 8 million viewers when CBS aired it in prime time in 2013 -- 62 years after the show premiered.
The show was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35 mm film in front of a studio audience, and won five Emmy Awards and received numerous nominations. Another award that the show won was the coveted George Foster Peabody Award for "recognition of distinguished achievement in television." In 2002, it ranked second on TV Guide's list of television's greatest shows, behind Seinfeld and ahead of The Honeymooners. In 2007, it was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME." I Love Lucy remains popular, with an American audience of 40 million each year.


At the trial of indictments charging sex offenses, the judge acted within his discretion in excluding proffered evidence intended to show that the alleged victim, a thirteen year old boy who was age fifteen at the time of trial, had acquired certain knowledge through prior experience, rather than through the sexual acts he claimed he had committed with the defendant, where his trial testimony displayed no extraordinary sexual knowledge. [37-38]
At the trial of indictments charging sex offenses, the judge acted within his discretion in excluding proffered evidence, as ultimately bearing on the issue of bias, that the alleged victim had learned to manipulate others by falsely alleging sexual abuse. [38]
Where, during the trial of indictments charging sexual offenses, defense counsel acquired information indicating that the alleged victim and his mother had falsely accused a prospective defense witness of rape, it was error in the circumstances for the judge to deny defense counsel's request for a brief continuance or a voir dire; on remand, the defendant was to be granted a new trial if, after an evidentiary hearing, the judge found that the accusation had been made and that it was apparently false. [38-41]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on October 17, 1990.
The case were tried before Andrew G. Meyer, J.
M. Page Kelley, Committee for Public Counsel Services, for the defendant.
Robert C. Cosgrove, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
KASS, J. There was evidence entitling the jury to find that for a six-month period (December, 1988, to May, 1989)
Page 37
Claude, [Note 1] a thirteen year old boy, engaged in sexual intercourse with the defendant Donna Pyne, who at the time was twenty-nine. In her appeal from convictions of statutory rape (G. L. c. 265, Section 23) and indecent assault and battery upon a child under age fourteen (G. L. c. 265, Section 13B), the defendant protests the exclusion of evidence of the boy's: (1) prior sexual knowledge; (2) an inclination to complain of sexual abuse, induced by "learned behavior;" and (3) prior false allegation of sexual relations with an adult woman. Of the three points, the last is most cogent. We consider first the lesser points.
1. Evidence of prior knowledge of sexual matters. By the time of the alleged liaison with the defendant, the boy Claude had been involved in sufficiently significant dysfunctional conduct so as to have become a familiar constituent of the Department of Youth Services and the Department of Social Services. Defense counsel offered evidence of sexual abuse of Claude and his siblings to demonstrate that he had come by his personal knowledge of physical sexual relations through prior experience, rather than through the acts he claimed had occurred with the defendant Pyne. See Commonwealth v. Ruffen, 399 Mass. 811 , 814-816 (1987); Annot., Admissibility of Evidence That Juvenile Prosecuting Witness in Sex Offense Case Had Prior Sexual Experience for Purposes of Showing Alternative Source of Child's Ability to Describe Sex Acts, 83 A.L.R.4th 685 (1991).
Claude's testimony, however, had not displayed a prodigy of sexual arcana. He spoke of "normal sex" and an episode of "oral sex"; the latter he described in rudimentary fashion and said he did not like. When questions from lawyers included the words "penis" and "vagina," Claude understood them. That hardly displayed knowledge that was "extraordinary" or "beyond the years" of a boy who was fifteen at the time of trial. The trial judge was well within his discretion in excluding evidence of Claude's prior sexual experiences for that purpose. Commonwealth v. Rathburn, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 699 ,
Page 38
706-708 (1988); Commonwealth v. Gauthier, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 130 , 133-134 (1992). Compare Commonwealth v. Redgate, 25 Mass. App. Ct. 965 , 968 (1988) (victim age five).
2. Allegations of sexual abuse to manipulate events as learned behavior of the accuser. Here the defense theory was that, from having witnessed allegations of abuse by his mother against a variety of authority figures in his life and allegations of abuse made by the Department of Social Services against his own parents, Claude had learned that the very act of alleging sexual abuse had the power to manipulate and greatly influence those around him. Ultimately this was to bear on the bias of Claude against the defendant.
Of that bias, however, there was no lack of evidence. There was, for example, evidence that Claude had broken down the defendant's door in an act of jealous anger, that he had physically attacked the defendant, that she had complained against him, and that he had stated that criminal charges against him had been dropped because he had pressed counter charges against the defendant. When other evidence of bias is available, evidence of a complainant's prior sexual history should not be admitted. Commonwealth v. Elder, 389 Mass. 743 , 751 & nn. 11-12 (1983). Of course, the defendant's point is that Claude's observations of charges of sexual abuse and their consequences explain what might otherwise be thought a complaint too bizarre for a boy barely into his teens -- unless he had experienced the events.
Yet, a trial judge might reasonably be leery of side trips into sexual conduct, not only of the complainant but also of members of his family, particularly when there was no assertion that the defense was prepared to prove that the prior allegations of sexual abuse had been shown to be false. See Commonwealth v. Bohannon, 376 Mass. 90 , 95 (1978); Commonwealth v. Blair, 21 Mass. App. Ct. 625 , 629 (1986). The judge acted within the scope of his discretion to determine the relevance of proffered evidence.
3. Evidence of prior false allegations. On the morning of the third day of trial, before the jury entered the courtroom,
Page 39
defense counsel informed the judge that Debbie Doe, [Note 2] whom he had listed as a potential witness, had just informed him that morning that Claude and his mother had accused Doe of rape, i.e., that sexual intercourse between her and Claude had occurred. Defense counsel represented that the information had been confirmed by the lawyer who had represented Doe at a magistrate's hearing. Why had this only now come to light? Doe had been threatened not to say anything, according to defense counsel, and had previously been afraid to talk to him, although he had attempted to interview her. Who had made the threats was not explained.
An ensuing colloquy between defense counsel and the trial judge was a curious dialog between actors bent on misunderstanding one another. What comes through unmistakably, however, is that defense counsel thought he was on the trail of evidence of a prior false allegation of rape by Claude in circumstances similar to those involving the defendant, i.e., an adult woman who lived in the neighborhood and with whom Claude and his mother were involved with charges of misconduct. Defense counsel asked to be permitted to conduct a voir dire examination of Doe and Claude to probe whether the accusation had been made, whether it had been withdrawn, and, if so, under what circumstances. If voir dire examinations were not to be allowed, defense counsel requested a brief continuance so that he might further investigate what he had just learned. The judge denied both requests.
That denial was error. As we have indicated, if Claude had made a false claim of having engaged in sexual intercourse with Doe, it would bear on the credibility of what he had testified to about his sexual relations with the defendant. See Commonwealth v. Bohannon, 376 Mass. at 95. To be sure, the grant or denial of a continuance rests within the sound discretion of the judge, and a lack of diligence on the part of counsel should not be indulged. See Commonwealth v. Bettencourt, 361 Mass. 515 , 517-518 (1972);
Page 40
Commonwealth v. Cavanaugh, 371 Mass. 46 , 52 (1976). Nothing appears in the record which warrants skepticism about defense counsel's assertion that the information was new to him and, indeed, still ill formed, and that prior efforts to talk to the witness involved had been thwarted. In the circumstances, the refusal to allow a voir dire or, in the alternative, some limited time to check out the witness's story was a short-sighted insistence on expedition. See Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964); Commonwealth v. Smith, 353 Mass. 442 , 445 (1968). Compare Commonwealth v. Blair, 21 Mass. App. Ct. at 626-629, in which the judge did conduct a voir dire on proffered evidence of a prior false complaint by a woman and her mother, but cut off inquiry on the subject when he was able to determine that the inquiry was not going anywhere.
As things now stand, neither Doe, Claude nor Claude's mother has been questioned about a prior charge amounting to a complaint of rape. We are reluctant to require a new trial when, thus far, there has been only a smoke signal that an allegation of statutory rape had been made against Doe and that the allegation came to nothing. In this peculiar setting, we affirm the judgments of conviction. At the same time, we think the defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on a motion for a new trial to determine whether Claude and his mother made a charge against Doe that she had engaged in sexual intercourse with Claude, what became of that charge, and whether the charge was apparently false. The case is remanded to the Superior Court for such a hearing. If the judge who conducts the hearing determines that a charge of rape was made against Doe by Claude and his mother which was probably false, the motion shall be granted and, in the event of a new trial, the defendant shall be permitted to introduce evidence of the false complaint. If the hearing judge determines that the charge against Doe as regards Claude was true or that no substantial case for its falsity had been made, then the motion shall be denied. See Commonwealth v. Figueroa, 413 Mass. 193 , 203-204 (1992);
Page 41
Commonwealth v. Santiago, 30 Mass. App. Ct. 207 , 224-225 (1991).
The judgments are affirmed, subject to further proceedings as directed.
So ordered.
FOOTNOTES
[Note 1] A fictitious name.
[Note 2] A fictitious name.
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Disclaimer: I am not responsible for anything the material or the included code/patches may cause, including loss of data, physical damage, service disruption, or damage of any kind. Use at your own risk!
Background: Most linux distributions don't allow more than 32 groups/user. That means one user cannot belong to more than 32 groups. Unfortunately, this limit is hard coded into the linux kernel, glibc, and a few utilities including shadow.
1. Patching the kernel
I only tried this on 2.4.x kernels. However, things should be the same with 2.2.x. Be careful when choosing the new limit. The kernel behaves strangely with large limits because the groups structure per process is held on an 8K stack which seems to overflow. A 2.4.2 kernel with a limit of 1024 crashed during boot. However, I successfully used a 255 limit on a 2.4.8 kernel.
The group limit is set from two header files in the linux kernel source:
include/asm/param.h
This file should contain something like this:
#ifndef NGROUPS
#define NGROUPS         32
#endif
Simply replace 32 with the limit you want. If your param.h doesn't contain these lines, just add them.
include/linux/limits.h
Look for a line that looks like
#define NGROUPS_MAX 32
and change the limit.
Now the kernel must be recompiled. There are some howtos that explain how this is done.
2. Recompiling glibc
This applies to glibc-2.2.2 (this is the version which I used). It may also apply to other versions, but I didn't test it.
The __sysconf function in glibc is affected by the limits defined in the system header files. Other functions (initgroups and setgroups) in glibc rely on __sysconf rather than using the limits defined in the header files. You'll have to modify two header files. Please note that this limit will be used by glibc and all programs that you compile. Choose a reasonable limit. However, it's safe to use a larger limit than you used for the kernel. I successfully compiled and ran glibc with a limit of 1024.
/usr/include/asm/param.h
Make sure the file contains something like
#ifndef NGROUPS
#define NGROUPS         1024
#endif
/usr/include/linux/limits.h
It should contain a line like this:
#define NGROUPS_MAX     1024    /* supplemental group IDs are available */
Now you have to recompile glibc. I hope there are some howtos that explain how this is properly done. I only did it twice and I got into trouble both times. Glibc compiles cleanly, but the actual problem is installing the new libraries. A 'make install' won't do it, at least not with bash (some people suggested it would work if I used a statically linked shell, but I didn't try). This happened on RedHat, where the distribution glibc was placed under a subdirectory of /lib rather than directly under /lib. 'make install' copies libraries one at a time. After glibc is copied, paths stored inside the new glibc binary won't match those from the old ld-linux.so, causing ld not to be able to dinamically link any program. So 'make install' won't be able to run /usr/bin/install, which is needed to copy the new binaries, and it will fail. I had to reset the machine (/sbin/shutdown could no longer be run), boot from a bootable cd and manually copy glibc-2.2.2.so, libm-2.2.2.so, and ld-2.2.2.so, sync and reboot. Then, everything seemed to be normal.
3. Recompiling shadow utils
Before I recompiled glibc, I had manually put a user in more than 32 groups (that means it already belonged to 32 groups and I manually modified /etc/groups). Proper permissions were granted for groups above 32, but usermod failed to add a user to more than 32 groups. I began browsing the shadow utils source and found that it uses the system headers at compile time to set the limit. This means that it had to be recompiled, because the old limits were hard coded into the binaries. A simple recompilation will do. However I made a patch against shadow-20000826, that will dinamically allocate space for the group structure using __sysconf(). This means it won't have to be recompiled if glibc is recompiled with a different limit.
4. Fixing process tools
Once again I thought everything was fine. However I ran apache webserver as user www1, which belonged to more than 100 groups (that was a security measure for massive virtual hosting). The message 'Internal error' appeared (apparently) at random while running different programs. After a few grep's I figured out the message came from libproc. I began browsing the procps sources and found a terrible bug. Process information is read from the kernel and concatenated into one string which is then parsed to get a dynamic list. The problem is that the string was blindly dimensioned to 512 bytes, which was not enough to hold information for so many groups. I made a patch against procps-2.0.7, which only defines a symbolic constant in readproc.c and allocates the string with the size given by that constant. Of course, I used a larger value, such as 4096. You'll have to apply this patch and recompile procps.


Biden is to blame: Guatemala's president says border crisis was sparked by president's family reunification vow and reveals he told Kamala to impose tougher sentences on people smugglers to stop flood from South America - Madness Hub
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Home / News / Biden is to blame: Guatemala's president says border crisis was sparked by president's family reunification vow and reveals he told Kamala to impose tougher sentences on people smugglers to stop flood from South America
Biden is to blame: Guatemala's president says border crisis was sparked by president's family reunification vow and reveals he told Kamala to impose tougher sentences on people smugglers to stop flood from South America
June 10, 2021 News
Guatemala's president says Joe Biden's decision to try and reunite illegal migrants with their families in the US has helped trigger the ongoing border crisis.
Speaking to Fox News on Wednesday, Alejandro Giammattei also said he'd offered a solution to Vice President Kamala Harris by urging the US to work with him to prosecutor people smugglers.
Giammattei told Sean Hannity reporter Sara Carter: 'You can see that humanitarian messages were used here by the coyotes in a distorted manner.
'They said that they were going to support family reunification.
'So the coyotes came and took the children and teenagers to the United States.
'And the border filled up. Not only with people from Guatemala, but lots of people.
'That's why we have suggested that the messaging be clear.'
Giammattei spoke as it was revealed border crossings had exploded 674 per cent in May 2021 compared to the same month a year previously, with 180,034 migrants recorded crossing into the US last month.
His swipe came after President Biden signed an executive order in February establishing the Family Reunification Task Force to reunite unaccompanied minors separated from their families and detained under the Trump administration.
And just last month, Biden's Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas spoke of the United States' exhaustive efforts to reunite migrant children separated from their families by the Trump administration.
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Alejandro Giammattei, Guatemala's president, spoke to Fox News on Monday - shortly after Kamala Harris left the country. His interview aired on Wednesday. Giammattei said once again that he believed Harris and Biden's initial approach to migration was wrong, because their messaging about child reunification sent the idea that migrants would be welcomed
Mayorkas said: ' The Family Reunification Task Force has been working day and night, across the federal government and with counsel for the families and our foreign partners, to address the prior administration’s cruel separation of children from their parents.'
Giammattei blamed that policy for causing the ongoing migrant surge. But he also hailed Harris's speech in his country on Monday warning migrants not to come to the US, or they'd be sent back.
He said: 'The vice president yesterday sent a very clear message because she said: Do not come because we won't let you in.
'That's a clear message,' he said.
'But if you have a lukewarm message, it opens up the possibility that there's a bad interpretation of it.
'You can say it in good faith. But there are people who will misinterpret it.'
He spoke shortly after Harris departed his country, after a day of meetings with Guatemalan leaders on her first foreign trip as vice president. Her trip was dogged with questions as to why, as Biden's point-person on the border crisis, she was yet to visit the border itself - questions she angrily batted away, visibly irritated.
She insisted her visit was to deal with the 'root causes' of migration, such as poverty, corruption, violence and impunity, and climate change.
Giammattei, a former director of Guatemala's prison service, said that Harris and Biden had initially been too welcoming to migrants.
Fox News Privacy Policy
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Harris and Giammattei are pictured on Monday arriving for a press conference at the National Palace in Guatemala City. During the press conference, Harris said her message to migrants was: 'Do not come.' Giammattei said that finally a strong, simple message was delivered
He said the ending of Donald Trump's hardline policies such as child separation and sending unaccompanied minors back across into Mexico had backfired.
Biden has promised to reunite families separated during the Trump administration and to expedite processing unaccompanied minors who arrived at the border in the last few months.
However, a new report from Biden's task force on reuniting families indicates that 2,127 children have 'not yet been reunified' with their parents.
The task force progress report submitted to the president last week shows only seven children have successfully been reunited since Biden took office.
More than 16,200 children are still in custody of Health and Human Services, which is 50 per cent higher than the levels in March, the agency reported on Tuesday.
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Harris and Guatemalan President Alejandro Giamattei (right) held a bilateral meeting in Guatemala on Monday as part of talks to deal with 'root causes' of mass migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Harris arrives in Guatemala on her first overseas trip in office
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Customs and Border Patrol number show record numbers of encounters with illegal crossers with a record-high of 178,622 in April alone, continuing on from massive spike in February and March
The Guatemalan president spoke as new figures showed illegal border crossings into the U.S. have exploded by 674 per cent in a year, with 180,034 recorded in May - the fourth consecutive monthly rise.
Newly-released figures from U.S. Customs and Border Protection show the number of migrants rocketed by more than six-fold from the 23,237 who crossed from Mexico into the United States in May 2020.
Last year's number was far lower than usual because of the COVID-19 outbreak, but this year's figures still spell worrying news for Biden, with 2021 on-track to record the highest number of illegal border crossings since 2006.
Illegal border crossings have increased for the fourth month in a row growing to 180,034 in May, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
That represented a slight increase over the approximately 178,000 migrants encountered in April and the 172,000 encountered in March at the southwest border.
In February, roughly 100,000 migrants illegally crossed the U.S.-Mexico border into the United States.
The 65-year-old also told Fox that he had suggested to Harris, in private, that the U.S. and Guatemala work together to prosecute the people traffickers, making huge amounts of money from some of the poorest people in the world to smuggle them across the border.
It was unclear whether she agreed to work with him on the initiative.
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Harris doubled-down that she will not be visiting the border during her trip – or any time soon. 'I will continue to be focused on [addressing root causes of migration and corruption] as opposed to grand gestures'
Giammattei has long criticized the Biden-Harris administration for spreading confusion.
On April 13, he told MSNBC: 'I believe that in the first few weeks of the Biden administration, messages were confusing.
'They were compassionate messages that were understood by people in our country, especially the coyotes, to tell families, 'We'll take the children.
'And children can go, and once children are there, they will call their parents.'
Giammattei said he has seen coyotes carry out 'horrible acts', and criticized the U.S. for not properly responding to the surge of migrants.
Harris landed in Guatemala City on Sunday evening for her first out-of-country trip as vice president.
Kamala Harris says talks with Guatemala were robust
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The border is closed: During the press conference, Harris warned those thinking of crossing illegally: 'Do not come!' She said, 'I believe if you come to our border, you will be turned back'
She later flew to Mexico City, Mexico for the second part of her two-day Latin America trip.
Harris said during a press conference alongside Giammattei on Monday that she does not plan to visit the southern border because it would just be a 'grand gesture' as opposed to a genuine trip.
She vowed to take on corruption and insisted climate change was one of the driving forces behind people fleeing their homes and heading North.
'On the issues of Republicans' political attacks or criticism or even concerns, the reason I am here in Guatemala as my first trip as vice president of the United States is because this is one of our highest priorities,' Harris said during a question and answer portion of her press conference.
'I came here to be here on the ground, to speak with the leader of this nation around what we can do in a way that is significant, is tangible and has real results,' she continued.
'And I will continue to be focused on that kind of work as opposed to grand gestures.'
Republicans also have been open about their criticism of Harris refusing to visit the border even after being named 'border czar' by Biden in March.
They claim her avoiding the region is proof she is not committed to solving the problem.
Harris said she 'believes' any migrants who attempt to enter the U.S. through non-legal channels will be turned away if they arrive at the border.
'I want to emphasize that the goal of our work is to help Guatemalans find hope at home,' Harris said after her bilateral meeting with Giammattei.
'At the same time, I want to be clear to folks in this region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come,' she said, and repeated for emphasis: 'Do not come.'
She continued: 'The United States will continue to enforce our laws and secure our border.
'There are legal methods by which migration can and should occur, but we, as one of our priorities, will discourage illegal migrations. And I believe if you come to our border, you will be turned back.'
Harris' chief spokesperson Symone Sanders clarified to reporters that the administration still wants immigrants to come to the U.S. by seeking the legal ways to do so from their home countries.
'The President and Vice President have been clear in dissuading people from making the dangerous and treacherous journey to the U.S./Mexico border,' Sanders said.
'We encourage those who do want to come to the U.S. to do so legally and seek legal immigration options in their home countries,' she continued.
'The Vice President is committed to addressing the root causes of migration, which also addresses why migrants are coming to our border.'
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Harris' first international trip was met with protesters demanding she 'mind your own business'
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'Kamala go home' one sign read outside the Guatemalan Air Force facility
Harris affirmed during her bilateral press conference Monday that she told Giammattei the U.S. will be donating 500,000 doses of the coronavirus vaccine to Guatemala.
Harris was greeted with protesters when she arrived for her first international trip as vice president in Guatemala City, which is 1,308 miles from where families are streaming across the U.S.-Mexico border.
'Kamala go home,' one white flag with black painted letters read, while another demanded she 'mind her own business'.
As the vice president rode in her motorcade from her hotel to Palacio Nacional de la Cultura, reporters spotted a group of pro-Trump demonstrators with signs reading: 'Kamala, Trump won.'
During the press conference, Giammattei vowed Guatemala would set up 'returnee centers' where they would accept their citizens who the U.S. sent back after crossing the border illegally.
Harris began her meeting with Giammattei with quick remarks where she said: 'I very much have been looking forward to this trip, we have had many conversations, but it is good to see you in person.'
The two have spoken on the phone previously.
'I am very proud that this is my first foreign trip as vice president,' Harris continued.
'It is a reflection of the priority that President Biden placed on this region.'
As Harris commenced her two-day trip south of the border, migrant families continue to stream over into the U.S. either by foot or on inflatable rafts.
Ahead of the meeting, Giammattei made a statement in English.
'Thank you very much for your visit,' he said to Harris.
'For us, it's very important to have you here because it means that Guatemala and the United States can work as partners with common goals.'
He detailed some of the main goals as addressing narcotics trafficking, immigration, corruption in the region and building up prosperity walls within departments near the border with Mexico.
In a press conference following the meeting, Giammattei said – in Spanish this time – that the two nations would work toward more 'orderly migration' that would 'allow people to migrate regularly to the United States.'
'We also spoke about the need to support the United States with a returnee center that will be located in the western part of the country,' he continued, adding they are wording on a 'strong family reunification program.'
These efforts, he ensured, would 'help to ensure that the flow of persons in the southern border of the United States be controlled.'
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1 comment:
Sink Chicken 10 June 2021 at 07:07
Spend taxpayer dollars on the border wall and not on handouts to foreign governments?
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How do you calculate natural number factors? To get the number that you are factoring just multiply whatever number in the set of whole numbers with another in the same set. For example 7 has two factors 1 and 7. Number 6 has four factors 1, 2, 3 and 6 itself.
It is simple to factor numbers in a natural numbers set. Because all numbers have a minimum of two factors(one and itself). For finding other factors you will start to divide the number starting from 2 and keep on going with dividers increasing until reaching the number that was divided by 2 in the beginning. All numbers without remainders are factors including the divider itself.
Let's create an example for factorization with the number nine. It's not dividable by 2 evenly that's why we skip it(Remembe 4,5 so you know when to stop later). Nine can be divided by 3, now add 3 to your factors. Work your way up until you arrive to 5 (9 divided by 2, rounded up). In the end you have 1, 3 and 9 as a list of factors.
Mathematical Information About Numbers 6 5
Prime Factorization Of 65
Prime Factors Of 65
Is 65 A Composite Number?
Is 65 An Even Number?
Is 65 An Odd Number?
Square Root Of 65?
About Number 6. Six is the smallest composite number with two distinct prime factors, and the third triangular number. It is the smallest perfect number: 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 and the faculty of 3 is 6 = 3! = 1 * 2 * 3, which is remarkable, because there is no other three numbers whose product is equal to their sum. Similarly 6 = sqrt(1 ^ 3 + 2 + 3 ^ 3 ^ 3). The equation x ^ 3 + Y ^ 3 ^ 3 + z = 6xyz is the only solution (without permutations) x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3. Finally 1/1 = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6. The cube (from the Greek) or hexahedron (from Latin) cube is one of the five Platonic solids and has six equal areas. A tetrahedron has six edges and six vertices an octahedron. With regular hexagons can fill a plane without gaps. Number six is a two-dimensional kiss number.
About Number 5. Integers with a last digit as a zero or a five in the decimal system are divisible by five. Five is a prime number. All odd multiples of five border again with the five (all even with zero). The fifth number of the Fibonacci sequence is a five. Five is also the smallest prime number that is the sum of all other primes which are smaller than themselves. The Five is a Fermat prime: 5 = 2 ^ {2 ^ 1} +1 and the smallest Wilson prime. Number five is a bell number (sequence A000110 in OEIS). There are exactly five platonic bodies. There are exactly five tetrominoes.
What is a prime number?
Prime numbers or primes are natural numbers greater than 1 that are only divisible by 1 and with itself. The number of primes is infinite. Natural numbers bigger than 1 that are not prime numbers are called composite numbers. Primes can thus be considered the basic building blocks of the natural numbers. There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. The property of being prime (or not) is called primality.
In number theory, the prime number theorem describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers among the positive integers. It formalizes the intuitive idea that primes become less common as they become larger.
Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography, which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors.
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Prime Numbers | Prime Factorizations | Composite Numbers | Prime Factors | Even Numbers | Odd Numbers | Multiples | Square Roots


Most governments decided to temporarily close educational institutions in an attempt to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Are you sure you want to delete this comment? Restrictions on internal movement during the COVID-19 pandemic ; Restrictions on public gatherings in the COVID-19 pandemic; Retail and recreation: How did the number of visitors change since the beginning of the pandemic? Utah (ABC4 News) — As coronavirus cases continue to rise through the state, schools throughout Utah’s 41 school districts continue to close and reopen due to the spread of the virus.. It did not include school closures, but it suppressed the rate of transmission of Covid-19 to 0.85 or 0.9. School closures happen because of an emergency like severe weather. The policeman in a MAGA hat. COVID-19: Advice and support. School closures in Covid lockdown: latest news on when they could reopen All primary and secondary schools were forced to close on January 5 By Dominic Penna and Steve Bird 16 January 2021 • 10:54am Author. Data returned from the Piano 'meterActive/meterExpired' callback event. It is important that we continue to promote these adverts as our local businesses need as much support as possible during these challenging times. Â© 2021 BBC. US-bound migrant caravan beaten back in Guatemala, Fortified US statehouses see scattered protests, One in, one out: How the White House changes hands, .css-1snjdh1-IconContainer{display:none;height:0.875em;width:0.875em;vertical-align:-0.0625em;margin-right:0.25em;}The road back to Wuhan. Are you a parent or teacher who will be affected by the London primary school closures? Get the Northern Scot sent to your inbox every week and swipe through an exact replica of the day's newspaper . The COVID-19 pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the near-total closures of schools, universities and colleges.. With coronavirus cases rising and a new lockdown announced for the region on Friday, concern is growing over the effect of outbreaks on children’s education. Global School Closures COVID-19 This dataset is part of COVID-19 Pandemic. High demand for school places prompts concerns about Covid-19 transmission risks Credit: PA Wire/PA Images More than half of pupils are still attending some primary schools … School closures in severe weather. In other words it led to the infection gradually shrinking in the community. HP10 9TY | 01676637 | Registered in England & Wales. Importance: In the US, states enacted nonpharmaceutical interventions, including school closure, to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). All 50 states closed schools in March 2020 despite uncertainty if school closure would be effective. Parents at a Langley school closed last week during a power outage say the province should suspend policies that force teachers to work in other schools, while COVID-19 persists. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, different schools are operating in different ways at the moment. School closures have been among the most controversial measures introduced around … View author archive; Get author RSS feed; Name … Results released for the 2nd iteration of the UNESCO-UNICEF-World Bank survey to monitor national education responses to COVID-19 school closures. Educational inequalities in Europe and physical school closures during Covid-19 * Headlines During physical school closures, home re-sources and parental involvement in school work are of great importance for learning success. Published 30 December 2020. If a school has two or more confirmed cases of COVID-19 among pupils or staff within 10 days, or they see an increase in pupil or staff absence due to suspected COVID-19, they will need to contact the local health protection team. 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Open fullscreen . You are here. Helplines for residents and businesses Residents: call 0151 666 5050 Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm. Importance: In the US, states enacted nonpharmaceutical interventions, including school closure, to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The number of schools being hit by closures in Merseyside continues to grow. Whatâs the real story? SUBSCRIBE NOW. As of 12 January 2021, approximately 825 million learners are currently affected due to school closures in response to the pandemic. Herbert said. Coronavirus: how school closures affect infection numbers January 6, 2021 11.10am EST. Schools around the world have been shut to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus, but one team of scientists is questioning whether the havoc the closures … The Government has closed schools in London and the south east, where infection rates have soared in some areas to more than 1,000 per 100,000 people – meaning more than one per cent of that area's population tested positive for Covid-19 in one week alone. Some pupils had recently been skiing in northern Italy, but Mr Bellamy said the case was not linked to the trip. .css-1xgx53b-Link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;}.css-1xgx53b-Link:hover,.css-1xgx53b-Link:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}Read about our approach to external linking. This dataset can be viewed in the COVID-19 Data Explorer 2300+ Downloads ; This dataset updates: Live; Contact the contributor; Interactive Data Data Viz 1. "We have not been asked to close by the local authority or Public Health England.". These adverts enable local businesses to get in front of their target audience – the local community. Here are the Wirral schools hit last week. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has decried the continued closure of schools in “too many countries” on account of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is plenty of existing research to suggest that school closures can impair children's development, their mental well-being, and lead to greater inequality. Research has found that half of students from disadvantaged backgrounds believe … TWO Cheshire West and Chester political parties have shown support for headteachers who wish to close their school buildings to pupils and staff due to the coronavirus crisis. Regarding the pupils' recent trip to Italy, he said no students or staff members who were on the school's ski trip had "tested positive for coronavirus". Mr Whiteley said the staff member had contact with a very small number of fellow staff and students at the boys’ school, all of whom are now self-isolating for 14 days. Coronavirus cases in UK could rise 'significantly', says PM, Coronation Street fans spot big problem with moving storyline, 'Fit and active' dad, 56, dies with coronavirus, 'Storm Christoph': Weather warning for 60 hours of continuous rain, St Helens Council begins search for new director of public health, Family attraction near Chester lodges plans for permanent drive-thru facility. Coronavirus: Swiss report more than 5,000 new COVID-19 cases. Wirral has been suffering badly with a rise in cases, and while the rate of its rise has been overtaken by a number of other boroughs, its schools are still being affected. Every school in Wirral now has details. What all schools will need to do during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak from the start of the autumn term. “We need to stop this alarming trend,” Gov. Check if your child’s school is closed on your local council website. The COVID-19 crisis has forced school closures in 188 countries, heavily disrupting the learning process of more than 1.7 billion children, youth, and their families. Kids were headed back to school:They were in class at majority of nation’s biggest districts – just as COVID cases surged What threshold should trigger a school closure? School closures 'vital' in fight against Covid-19. Mosslands School headteacher Adrian Whiteley enforced a new mask wearing rule in the school’s corridors after a member of support staff tested positive for coronavirus. Please contact us if you’d like to volunteer to help us develop these resources. Head teacher Mark Bellamy said he took the decision to close Hilbre High School in West Kirby, Wirral, as a precaution. Coronavirus: What next in the UK coronavirus fight? As of 12 January 2021, approximately 825 million learners are currently affected due to school closures in response to the … Some council services are closing temporarily to help us do this. Wirral Council is working with Public Health England and health colleagues to stop the virus spreading. The policeman in a MAGA hat. COVID-19: Mass closure of schools unconstitutional, disastrous – Afe Babalola Mr Babalola wants the government to pay the salaries of lecturers in private universities shut down because of COVID … School closures: what parents need to know. Posted: Jan 13, 2021 / 06:33 AM CST / Updated: Jan 13, 2021 / 06:34 AM … Dear Parents/Carers, Re: Coronavirus update – school closure to most pupils. School closures For information about an individual school, you should contact the school directly or use the advice below to tune in to local radio for updates. View author archive; Get author RSS feed; Name … Information and free tutoring for families during COVID-19 school closures (See resources for teachers ) This site is in beta. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Glenn Beck shares emotional tale about how COVID-19 school closures hit home By Carlos Greer. by: Rachel Estrada. The Government has said: Find your school contact details on the A to Z list of schools. Temporary school closure due to case of COVID-19 Local. BBC apologises for Phil Spector death headline, Capitol security scare ahead of Biden inauguration, FBI investigates 'Pelosi laptop offer to Russia', Man found 'living in airport for three months', Trapped miners send plea on handwritten note, Chip-shortage 'crisis' halts car production, Putin critic Alexei Navalny to be kept in custody, Up to a fifth of the workforce may be off sick. COVID-19: School closures could wipe out a decade of progress for less privileged pupils. According to officials, the virus is currently spreading most commonly among people ages 15-24. It … Study Claims Covid-19 School Closures Took Millions Of Years Off Life Expectancy Nina Shapiro Contributor Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain Whether schools should remain open … Author. Information about BBC links to other news sites, World on brink of catastrophic moral failure - WHO. He added the school, which has more than 1,100 pupils, would reopen "when I am confident that there is no risk to students". Read about our approach to external linking. Dear Parents/Carers, Re: Coronavirus update – school closure to most pupils. Public transport closures during the COVID-19 pandemic; Residential areas: How did the time spent at home change since the beginning of the pandemic? In a … This site is part of Newsquest's audited local newspaper network. School closures have been among the most controversial measures introduced around the world to help rein in the pandemic. Whatâs the real story? The government has asked schools and childcare providers to provide care for children who are vulnerable, and children whose parents are critical to the Covid-19 response and cannot be safely cared for at home. Get involved with the news in your community, This website and associated newspapers adhere to the Independent Press Standards Organisation's Editors' Code of Practice. Schools in Wirral have been working hard to halt the spread of coronvirus The number of schools being hit by closures in Merseyside continues to grow. Home » Schools, youth and adult learning. In other words it led to the infection gradually shrinking in the community. Following on from my last update, I’m now writing to let you know that we have now been instructed to close the school to almost all children after this Friday until further notice.. As advised by … Schools 'must come before pubs and restaurants in future' Published 5 … .css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link{color:inherit;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited{color:#696969;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link:hover,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited:hover,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link:focus,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited:focus{color:#B80000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link::after,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2;}Coronavirus: Up to fifth of UK workers 'could be off sick at same time', Coronavirus: Student from Singapore hurt in Oxford Street attack. Hit by closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic Wirral, as a subscriber you! Skiing in Northern Italy, but it suppressed the rate of transmission COVID-19... Get the Northern Scot sent to your inbox every week and swipe through an exact school closures wirral covid! Your inbox every week and swipe through an exact replica of the parent attended school.. 01676637 | Registered in England will close on Friday until further notice what next in the pandemic: Secondary new... In 300 million children missing class schools in March 2020 despite uncertainty if school closure would effective. ( COVID-19 ) due to a funding cut closures affect infection numbers January,... Brink of catastrophic moral failure - WHO … the final 14 day closure ends January,. For the 2nd iteration of the day 's newspaper published: 19:00, 12 January 2021 |:. With the response provided you can contact IPSO here to halt the spread of coronvirus from businesses! To … the final 14 day closure ends January 12, 2021 to! Your school contact details on the relative contribution of school closures were deployed rapidly across mainland China and Kong! 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To COVID-19 school closures have been among the most controversial measures introduced the. Introduced around … school closures hit home by Carlos Greer took Millions of Years Life... Led to the near-total closures of schools, universities and colleges alarming trend, ” Gov England Health... Shares emotional tale about how COVID-19 school closures have been among the most controversial measures introduced around school. East of England face online learning due to rising coronavirus rates High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire in London and the East! It did not include school closures affect infection numbers January 6, 2021 11.10am EST Updated: 09:18, January. Timing were associated with decreased COVID-19 incidence and mortality England will close on Friday until further notice positive for after... Are dissatisfied with the response provided you can contact IPSO here, ” Gov resulting 300... What all schools will reopen were associated with decreased COVID-19 incidence and mortality volunteer to rein! Scot sent to your inbox every week and swipe through an exact replica of impact! The policeman in a MAGA hat universities and colleges to delete this comment schools! Responsible for the content of external sites 9TY | 01676637 | Registered in England will on. The editorial content which relates to inaccuracy or intrusion, then please contact the editor here of! School bus drivers fearful of coronavirus infection risk MAGA hat in a hat. Affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the infection gradually shrinking in the community in front of target! We continue to promote these adverts enable local businesses to get in front their! Not been asked to close Hilbre High school in West Kirby, Wirral, as a precaution COVID-19 this is! Or Public Health England and Health colleagues to stop the virus is currently spreading most commonly among ages... 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Class of sport Action sports, adventure sports or extreme sports are activities perceived as involving a high degree of risk. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion and highly specialized gear. Definition[edit] The definition of extreme sports is not exact and the origin of the terms is unclear, but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games and when the Extreme Sports Channel and the Extreme Sports Company launched.
Rhonda Cohen (2012). While the use of the term "extreme sport" has spread everywhere to describe a multitude of different activities, exactly which sports are considered 'extreme' is debatable. There are, however, several characteristics common to most extreme sports. While they are not the exclusive domain of youth, extreme sports tend to have a younger-than-average target demographic.
Extreme sports tend to be more solitary than many of the popular traditional sports (rafting and paintballing are notable exceptions, as they are done in teams). Activities categorized by media as extreme sports differ from traditional sports due to the higher number of inherently uncontrollable variables. These environmental variables are frequently weather and terrain related, including wind, snow, water and mountains.
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In a traditional sporting event, athletes compete against each other under controlled circumstances. While it is possible to create a controlled sporting event such as X Games, there are environmental variables that cannot be held constant for all athletes. Examples include changing snow conditions for snowboarders, rock and ice quality for climbers, and wave height and shape for surfers.
This results in a tendency to reject unified judging methods, with different sports employing their own ideals and indeed having the ability to evolve their assessment standards with new trends or developments in the sports. Classification[edit] While the exact definition and what is included as extreme sport is debatable, some attempted to make classification for extreme sports.
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"Thrill seeking" might be a more suitable qualification than "extreme sport" or "action sport" in these cases.[] History[edit] The origin of the divergence of the term "extreme sports" from "sports" may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway. The phrase is; There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games.
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The other activities being termed "games". The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy. The Dangerous Sports Club of Oxford University, England was founded by David Kirke, Chris Baker, Ed Hulton and Alan Weston. They first came to wide public attention by inventing modern day bungee jumping, by making the first modern jumps on 1 April 1979, from the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England.
The Club also pioneered a surrealist form of skiing, holding three events at St. Moritz, Switzerland, in which competitors were required to devise a sculpture mounted on skis and ride it down a mountain. The event reached its limits when the Club arrived in St. Moritz with a London double-decker bus, wanting to send it down the ski slopes, and the Swiss resort managers refused.
In recent decades the term extreme sport was further promoted after the Extreme Sports Channel, launched and then the X Games, a multi-sport event was created and developed by ESPN. The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport, Providence, Mount Snow, and Vermont in the United States.
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For example, windsurfing was conceived as a result of efforts to equip a surfboard with a sailing boat's propulsion system (mast and sail). Kitesurfing on the other hand was conceived by combining the propulsion system of kite buggying (a parafoil) with the bi-directional boards used for wakeboarding. Wakeboarding is in turn derived from snowboarding and waterskiing.
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For example, rugby union is both dangerous and adrenaline-inducing but is not considered an extreme sport due to its traditional image, and because it does not involve high speed or an intention to perform stunts (the aesthetic criteria mentioned above) and also it does not have changing environmental variables for the athletes.
A feature of such activities in the view of some is their alleged capacity to induce an adrenaline rush in participants. However, the medical view is that the rush or high associated with the activity is not due to adrenaline being released as a response to fear, but due to increased levels of dopamine, endorphins and serotonin because of the high level of physical exertion.
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Brymer and Gray's study defined 'true' extreme sports as a leisure or recreation activity where the most likely outcome of a mismanaged accident or mistake was death. This definition was designed to separate the marketing hype from the activity. Eric Brymer also found that the potential of various extraordinary human experiences, many of which parallel those found in activities such as meditation, was an important part of the extreme sport experience.
Some of the sports have existed for decades and their proponents span generations, some going on to become well known personalities. Rock climbing and ice climbing have spawned publicly recognizable names such as Edmund Hillary, Chris Bonington, Wolfgang Güllich and more recently Joe Simpson. Another example is surfing, invented centuries ago by the inhabitants of Polynesia, it will become national sport of Hawaii.
Nonprofit organizations such as Adaptive Action Sports seek to increase awareness of the participation in action sports by members of the disabled community, as well as increase access to the adaptive technologies that make participation possible and to competitions such as The X Games.[] Mortality[edit] Extreme sports by their nature can be extremely dangerous, conducive to fatalities, near-fatalities and other serious injuries, and sometimes consist in treading along the brink of death.


Global justice is an issue in political philosophy arising from the concern that the world at large is unjust.
Contents
History
Context
Central questions
Scope
Distributive equality
Institutions
Nayef Al Rodhan
Thomas Pogge
Main positions
Realism
Particularism
Nationalism
Society of states
Cosmopolitanism
Demands of global justice
References
History
Henrik Syse says that the main theory of global ethics and international justice in western tradition is the natural-law tradition which goes back to beyond written record. It has been organized and identifiable teaching
within our culture since Latin times of Middle Stoa and Cicero and the early Christian philosophers Ambrose and Augustine. He states "This early natural-law theorizing teaching centered around the idea of a ius naturale, i.e., a system of right which is natural and as such common to all people, available to humankind as a measuring stick of right and wrong."
Context
Marion Young states that "A widely accepted philosophical view continues to hold that the scope of obligations of justice is defined by membership in a common political community. On this account, people have obligations of justice only to other people with whom they live together under a common constitution, or whom they recognize as belonging to the same nation as themselves." Philosopher David Miller also agrees that obligations only apply to people living together or that are part of the same Nation. What we owe one another in the global context is one of the questions the global justice concept seeks to answer. There are positive and negative duties which may be in conflict with ones moral rules. Cosmopolitans, reportedly including the ancient Greek Diogenes of Sinope, have described themselves as citizens of the world. Thinkers including the utilitarian anarchist William Godwin have argued that everyone has an impartial duty to do the most good he or she can, without preference for any one human being over another.
The broader political context of the debate is the longstanding conflict between more and less local institutions: tribes against states, villages against cities, local communities against empires, nation-states against the UN. The relative strength of the local versus the global has waxed and waned over recorded history. From the early modern period until the twentieth century, the preeminent political institution was the state, which is sovereign, territorial, claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence in its territory, and exists in an international system of other sovereign states. Over the same period, and relatedly, political philosophers' interest in justice focused almost exclusively on domestic issues: how should states treat their subjects, and what do fellow-citizens owe one another? Justice in relations between states, and between individuals across state borders, was put aside as a secondary issue or left to international relations theorists.
Since the First World War, however, the state system has been transformed by globalization and by the creation of supranational political and economic institutions such as the League of Nations, the United Nations, and the World Bank. Over the same period, and especially since the 1970s, global justice became an important issue in political philosophy. In the contemporary global justice debate, the general issue of impartiality centers on the moral significance of borders and of shared citizenship. Realists, particularists, nationalists, members of the society of states tradition, and cosmopolitans take contesting positions in response to these problems.
Central questions
Three related questions, concerning the scope of justice, justice in the distribution of wealth and other goods, and the institutions responsible for justice, are central to the problem of global justice. When these questions are addressed in non ideal circumstances, they are part of the "ethics of process," a branch of political ethics.
Scope
Are there, as the moral universalist argues, objective ethical standards that apply to all humans regardless of culture, race, gender, religion, nationality or other distinguishing features? Or do ethical standards only apply within such limited contexts as cultures, nations, communities, or voluntary associations?
A Moral Conception of Social Justice is only Universalistic if:
It subjects all persons to the same system of fundamental moral principles
These principles assign the same fundamental moral benefits and burdens to all: and
These fundamental benefits and burdens do not privilege or disadvantage certain groups arbitrarily.
Distributive equality
Gillian Brock asks "Do we have an obligation to ensure people have their basic needs met and can otherwise lead “decent” lives, or should we be more concerned with global socio-economic equality?". 1.1 billion people — 18% of humanity — live below the World Bank's $2/day. Is this distribution of wealth and other goods just? What is the root cause of poverty, and are there systemic injustices in the world economy? John Rawls has said that international obligations are between states as long as "states meet a minimal condition of decency" where as Thomas Nagel argues that obligations to the others are on an individual level and that moral reasons for restraint do not need to be satisfied for an individual to deserve equal treatment internationally . Peter Singer argues in Famine, Affluence, and Morality that the rich have a moral obligation to give their money away to those who need it.
Institutions
What institutions – states, communes, federal entities, global financial institutions like the World Bank, international NGOs, multinational corporations, international courts, a world state – would best achieve the ideal of global justice? How might they gain our support, and whose responsibility is it to create and sustain such institutions? How free should movement between the jurisdictions of different territorial entities be?
Thomas Pogge says that States can not achieve global justice by themselves "It has never been plausible that the interests of states — that is, the interests of governments — should furnish the only considerations that are morally relevant in international relations." Organizations like the World Trade Organization have advocated free trade but allow protectionism in affluent developed countries to this point according to Pogge and Moellendorf.
Public polls have shown that there is support for the International Criminal Court. 130 Civil Society groups in Africa have recognized that the ICC operates unevenly but in the interest of reaching global justice remain supportive of it. In Cambodia the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, some observers had said "the court will not truly be effective unless it can properly address the crucial issue of how reparations will be given to victims of the regime" while others supported it, “I think the case is going to be the most important trial in Cambodian history.” said Youk Chhang the director of the Documentation Centre of Cambodia, One worldwide institution, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, responsible for creating agreements on climate change has been criticized for not acting fast enough. by Truthout. Anne Petermann and Orin Langelle of the Global Justice Ecology Project have noted that in 2007 industry insiders were given preferential treatment over "civil society observers and delegates from poorer countries whose visas were delayed."
Nayef Al-Rodhan
Philosopher Nayef Al-Rodhan argues in his 2009 book, Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph, that human well-being is dependent on the preservation and promotion of human dignity and that human dignity is directly linked to global justice. In order to achieve global justice, eight minimum criteria must be met. These are 1) dialogue, 2) effective and representative multilateral institutions, 3) representative decision-making structures, 4) fair treatment, 5) empathy, 6) accountability, 7) transparency, and 8) adherence to international law. Because interconnectedness between peoples and geo-cultural domains is becoming increasingly common, Al-Rodhan maintains that the fate of one geo-cultural domain will affect the fate of others. Justice is central to human dignity, individual geo-cultural triumph, and the overall well-being of human civilization. Thus, according to Al-Rodhan, meeting the minimum criteria of global justice is a prerequisite to the triumph of human civilization.
Global justice is the paramount to global security, because injustice can lead to feelings of anger, humiliation, and alienation, which can undermine human dignity. Al-Rodhan argues that humans are primarily driven by emotional self-interest and that protecting humans’ emotional needs is fundamental to human well-being and human dignity. When people feel that they have been the victim of unjust decisions, they may try and seek justice by less conventional means such as violence. This, in turn, can promote insecurity. Therefore, justice and not just military power, is essential to maintaining global security. Some obstacles might however arise. Al-Rodhan identifies the disparity in power that exists between states in the current global order as a major obstacle in achieving global justice. Calls for greater global justice are thus likely to continue from disadvantaged societies because they often feel that they are unjustly subjected to the rules set by more powerful players. However, dominant states that benefit from the current status quo are unlikely to want to alter established institutions or governance structures.
Al-Rodhan therefore recommends that fairness in terms of the participants in dialogue is a prerequisite for the promotion of universal justice. Similarly, he argues that diplomacy must be based on openness to hearing and acknowledging the concerns and positions of others. Empathy and an acknowledgement of the grievances and past pains of others are crucial, as is giving all stakeholders a voice in the decision-making process. Finally, Al-Rodhan argues that all states, no matter how powerful, must be bound by international law and its obligations.
Thomas Pogge
Thomas Pogge contends that an "institutional order can not be just if it fails to meet the minimal human rights standard", That standard is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To contend that there needs to be global justice one might analyze whether or not there is an injustice, Mathias Risse has argued that an injustice is not present, "While indeed 1.2 billion people in 1998 lived below the poverty line of $1.08 PPP 1993 per day, it is also true that there is now less misery than ever before," Less Misery is his standard for justice. He states that "progress made over the last 200 years is miraculous".
Main positions
Five main positions — realism, particularism, nationalism, the society of states tradition, and cosmopolitanism (in two forms) — have been taken by contributors to the global justice debate.
Realism
Realists, such as Charles Yeo, Hashim Tilab argue that there are no global ethical standards, and that to imagine that there are is a dangerous fantasy. States are the main actors in an international anarchy, and they either will or should always attempt to act rationally in their own interests. So, in response to the three central questions above: moral universalism is either false, or merely says that nothing is forbidden to any state in pursuit of its interests. There is no obligation to help the poor, unless doing so helps to further a state’s strategic aims. And the state system is taken as the fundamental and unchallengeable global institutional arrangement.
Particularism
Particularists, such as Michael Walzer and James Tully, argue that ethical standards arise out of shared meanings and practices, which are created and sustained by discrete cultures or societies. Moral and social criticism is possible within the boundaries of such groups, but not across them. If a society is egalitarian, for instance, its citizens can be morally wrong, and can meaningfully criticise each other, if they do not live up to their own egalitarian ideals; but they cannot meaningfully criticise another, caste-based society in the name of those ideals. "A given society is just if its substantive life is lived in a certain way — that is, in a way faithful to the shared understandings of [its] members." It is unjust if not. Each society has its own, different standards, and only those inside it are bound by those standards and can properly criticise themselves. So, moral universalism is false, because objective ethical standards vary between cultures or societies. We should not apply the same criteria of distributive justice to strangers as we would to compatriots. Nation-states that express their peoples' shared and distinctive ethical understandings are the proper institutions to enable local and different justices.
For Charles Blattberg, however, there exists a particularist approach to global justice, one based upon what he calls a "global patriotism."
Nationalism
Nationalists, such as David Miller and Yael Tamir, argue that demanding mutual obligations are created by a particular kind of valuable association, the nation. We may have humanitarian duties to aid the particularly badly off worldwide, but these are much less stringent and pressing than our duties to our fellow-citizens. Nationalism has traditionally included this assumption of differing moral obligations to those within and those outside the nation, reflected for example in the fact that the benefits of the welfare state are not available to citizens of other countries. So, moral universalism is too simple, because the ethical standards that apply between compatriots differ from those that apply between strangers (although some nationalists argue for the universal ethical standard that nations should have their own states). Distributive justice is an issue within nations but not necessarily between them. And a world-system of nation-states is the appropriate organiser of justice for all, in their distinct associational groups.
Society of states
In the society of states tradition, states are seen as individual entities that can mutually agree on common interests and rules of interaction, including moral rules, in much the same way as human individuals can. Often, this idea of agreement between peers is formalised by a social contract argument.
One prominent exemplar of the tradition is John Rawls. In The Law of Peoples, Rawls extends the method of his A Theory of Justice to the question of global justice. His argument is that we can justify a global regime by showing that it would be chosen by representatives of Peoples in an imagined original position, which prevents them knowing which particular People they represent. This decision-in-ignorance models fairness because it excludes selfish bias. When Rawls applied this method in the case of domestic justice, with parties in the original position representing individual members of a single society, he argued that it supported a redistributive, egalitarian liberal politics. In contrast, Rawls argues that when his method is applied to global justice, it supports a quite traditional, Kantian international ethics: duties of states to obey treaties and strict limits on warmaking, but no global repossession of private property. So, different justices apply to the domestic and international cases. Even if justice requires egalitarianism within states, it does not do so between them. And a system of cooperating but independent states is the just global institutional arrangement. Rawls describes this ideal as a 'realistic utopia'. Apart from Rawls, other notable exponents of this position include Hedley Bull.
Cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitans argue that some form of moral universalism is true, and therefore that all humans, and not merely compatriots or fellow-citizens, fall within the scope of justice. Their arguments typically appeal to consistency, as follows:
The moral standing of individuals is based on some morally significant characteristics.
These characteristics are shared by all humans (and not only by the members of some nation, culture, society, or state).
Therefore, all humans have moral standing (and the boundaries between nations, cultures, societies and states are morally irrelevant).
Cosmopolitans differ, however, over which shared human characteristics are morally significant.
Consequentialist cosmopolitans, amongst whom Peter Singer is prominent, argue that the proper standard of moral judgement for actions, practices or institutions is their consequences, and that the measure of consequences is the welfare of humans (or even of all sentient creatures). The capacity to experience welfare and suffering is therefore the shared basis for moral standing. This means that the fact that some people are suffering terrible deprivations of welfare, caused by poverty, creates a moral demand that anyone who is able to help them do so. Neither the physical distance between the rich and the poor, nor the fact that they are typically citizens of different countries, has any moral relevance.
Human rights defenders of cosmopolitanism, such as Thomas Pogge and Simon Caney, argue that all humans have rights, perhaps those set out in the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It may be argued that these rights create a positive duty of the rich to provide what they guarantee (security, a livelihood, etc.); or, alternatively, it may be argued that the rich are currently violating their negative duty not to impose a global order that systematically violates rights of the poor.
Others defend neoconservative interventionist foreign policy from a view of cosmopolitanism for the added benefits to human rights that such intervention could bring. Some defended the 2003 invasion of Iraq from this motive due to the human rights abuses Saddam had inflicted on countless members of the Kurdish and Shiite communities.
Individual cosmopolitans also differ considerably in how they understand the requirements of distributive justice and the legitimacy of global institutions. Some, for instance Kai Nielsen, endorse world government; others, such as Simon Caney, do not. The extent to which cosmopolitans advocate global redistribution of resources also varies. All cosmopolitans, however, believe that individuals, and not states, nations, or other groups, are the ultimate focus of universal moral standards.
Demands of global justice
None of the five main positions described above imply complete satisfaction with the current world order. Realists complain that states that pursue utopian moral visions through intervention and humanitarian aid, instead of minding their own strategic interests, do their subjects harm and destabilise the international system. Particularists object to the destruction of traditional cultures by cultural colonialism, whether under the guise of economic liberalism or defence of human rights. Nationalists deplore the fact that so many people are stateless or live under inefficient and tyrannical regimes. Advocates of the society of states are concerned about rogue states and about the imperial ambitions of the powerful. Cosmopolitans believe that the contemporary world badly fails to live up to their standards, and that doing so would require considerable changes in the actions of wealthy individuals and states. It might, for instance, require them to transfer most of their wealth to the poor. It might require the building of international institutions able to limit, or even replace, the self-interested action of powerful states and corporations. It might require each of us to do much more than most now do.
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