The Confederados were individuals from the U.S. Confederate states who left the American South and resettled in São Paulo, Brazil, immediately after the Civil War. Although the exact number of individuals is difficult to determine, between 2,000 and 4,000 emigrants are estimated to have participated in the movement between 1865 and 1875. Leading researchers of the topic have identified 154 families that arrived in Brazil during this time, with 37 families being from Alabama. About half the total number eventually returned to the United States, whereas the remainder established themselves in their new homeland and went on to have a significant influence on local society. The immigrants and their descendants are referred to as the Confederados, which is Portuguese for "Confederates."
Georgia-born Col. William Norris, a former Alabama state senator and representative from Dallas County, was one of the principal participants and leaders of the movement. Norris arrived in 1866 and purchased between 400 and 600 acres and most likely planted cotton. His farm in the central São Paulo state became the focal point of the dominant settlement area. In 1870, the local railroad reached the vicinity, and the terminus became known as the "Village of the Americans." It would evolve into the city of Americana.
The Norris family consisted of William, his wife Mary, and their 11 children. Son Robert, who was a Confederate veteran, later returned to the United States to study medicine and then went back to Americana, where he followed in his father's footsteps as a community leader. Among other early families said to have originated in Alabama were the Moores, Daniels, Whitakers, Townsends, Broadnaxes, Prestridges, Andersons, Brownlows, Ezells, and Provosts. Later arrivals included the Northrups, Capps, Bentleys, Campbells, and Kennerlys. In addition, Benjamin and Dalton Yancey, two sons of secessionist leader William Lowndes Yancey, immigrated to Brazil and spent some time there, perhaps 13 or 14 years in the case of Benjamin.
Charles Gunter
In 1891, physician Cicero Jones moved from Troy, Pike County, to the Americana settlement, where he married a descendant of the Norris clan. His daughter, Judith MacKnight Jones, became a historian and the author of Soldado Descansa: Uma epopeia norte americana sob os céus do Brasil (Soldier, Rest: A North American Saga beneath the Skies of Brazil) the most comprehensive description of the Confederados in the Portuguese language. Immediately after the Civil War, Texan Frank McMullan, physician James Gaston of Montgomery, former Alabama state representative Charles G. Gunter, and others also gathered together groups of emigrants and took them to new settlements along the coast of southeast Brazil. Lansford Hastings, an early explorer of California, established a colony in Santarem along the Amazon River in the north. Although some of the settlers remained in Brazil, all of the early colonies, except for Norris's, failed. Inadequate transportation, poor soil, floods, and a general unfamiliarity with tropical agricultural conditions were among the causes of the failures. Many settlers returned to the United States, but those who stayed gravitated to the interior of the state of São Paulo, where the Norris family had relocated.
According to cultural geographers, human migration, or the permanent relocation of people, results from a combination of "push" and "pull" conditions. A major incentive driving the Confederados, including the Norrises, from their homes was animosity toward the North and the uncertain future of the South after the war. Another element was the significant participation of group of families from Madison County, who were part of a faction known as the "Broad River Group" because they originally hailed from the Broad River region of Georgia. Family and personal connections played an important role as well.
Americana, 1906
Though some disgruntled southerners emigrated to other countries, such as Mexico, several factors drew the majority to Brazil. During the previous decade, Reverends Daniel P. Kidder and James C. Fletcher had visited Brazil and wrote a popular book, Brazil and the Brazilians (1857), extolling the wonders of what they perceived to be a tropical paradise. During the 1860s, adventurers such as Rev. Ballard Dunn, a Louisiana native, chaplain, and ordnance officer of the Confederate army, and Maj. Robert Meriwether and physician Hugh Shaw, who were working on behalf of the Southern Emigration Society of Edgefield, South Carolina, explored the country and returned with positive accounts of the climate, soil, and society in general. Most of the emigrants were not wealthy and thus did not own slaves, Brazil's plantation economy, which also depended upon an enslaved workforce (Brazil would not abolish slavery until 1888), was viewed by the Confederados as a stable and familiar economic system in which to relocate their families.
The government of Brazil also provided direct incentives. Emperor Dom Pedro II wanted to establish cotton plantations to supply textile mills in England and viewed the North Americans as potential agricultural innovators. He offered them a hotel as a temporary residence upon their arrival, paid half of their travel costs, and provided discounts on land purchases in several areas. Once early settlers such as the Norris family were established, they in turn attracted other families with whom they corresponded back in the United States.
Most of the Confederado settlers near the town of Americana earned livings as farmers. They introduced new crops, including Rattlesnake watermelons and pecans, and brought new agricultural technology to Brazil, including the moldboard plow to cut through and turn the soil, improved carts, and better techniques for managing draft animals. Many settlers, including the elder Norris, soon became adept at instructing neighboring Brazilians in farming methods. Although initially focused on cotton, their fields soon became devoted to the locally ubiquitous cash crops: coffee and sugar cane. Descendants of the group founded schools focused on practical technical education. These institutions contrasted from the majority of schools in Brazil, which emphasized a classical education. The Confederados also attracted Protestant missionaries who preached in the local community chapel. The origins of the Baptist and Methodist churches in Brazil can be attributed largely to the arrival of the group. The chapel, known as the Campo, in Americana has been maintained to the present day as a religious and social gathering center for the descendants.
Confederados Monument
Although most of the Confederados largely assimilated into the surrounding Brazilian culture, elements of their American heritage, including the use of the English language, food preferences, and religion, have persisted for well over 100 years. Periodic reunions are held at the Campo chapel, and artifacts and documents associated with the history of the Confederados are preserved at a museum in the town of Santa Bárbara. The local Fraternidade Descendência Americana (Fraternity of American Descendants) includes members who work to preserve their history and publicize special events. Its annual festival attracts participants from throughout the region, and many wear Confederate uniforms or antebellum women's clothing such as hoop skirts and display the Confederate flag. The flag is still featured prominently on the emblem of the city of Americana. In the wake of worldwide protests about memorials to slave-owners and, in the United States, the legacy of the Confederacy in the summer of 2020, members of the community have begun to grapple with their history and how to commemorate it. Americans often visit Americana and the Campo and on rare occasions discover common ancestry. The migration of the Confederados was a significant event during the turmoil immediately following the Civil War, and it affected personal histories and general society in the United States as well as Brazil.
Additional Resources
Dawsey, Cyrus B., and James M. Dawsey, eds. The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995.
Griggs, William Clark. The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.
Harter, Eugene C. The Lost Colony of the Confederacy. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1985.
Jones, Judith MacKnight. Soldado Descansa! Uma epopéia norte americana sob os céus do Brasil. São Paulo: Jarde, 1967.
Published: June 3, 2013 | &nbspLast updated: July 17, 2020
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Rachel Weisz was born on March 7, 1971, in London, England. Her mother, Edith Weisz, is an Austrian psychoanalyst and her father, George Weisz, is a Hungarian inventor.
Weisz attended North London Collegiate School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. While in college, she appeared in various student productions, and co-founded a student drama group called Cambridge Talking Tongues. The group won a Guardian Student Drama Award at the Edinburgh Festival for an improvised piece called Slight Possession. Weisz then starred on stage in the Sean Mathias revival of Noel Coward's Design For Living. It was a role that won her a vote for Most Promising Newcomer by the London Critics' Circle.
Weisz soon moved on to television, where she starred in the made-for-TV movie Dirtysomething and the BBC miniseries The Scarlet and the Black, both in 1993. That same year, she was then seen in the series Inspector Morse. In 1994, she appeared in the made-for-TV movies White Goods and Seventeen.
In 1995, Weisz landed the film role of a junior executive in the science-fiction film Death Machine. That same year, she was seen in Chain Reaction, co-starring Keanu Reeves and Morgan Freeman. In 1996, she appeared in Bernardo Bertolucci's Stealing Beauty. She followed this work with more English films including Swept from the Sea, The Land Girls, and Michael Winterbottom's I Want You.
Weisz was launched into international fame after appearing in the lead female role in 1999 hit, The Mummy. That same year, she played a Hungarian Jewish woman in Sunshine, also starring Ralph Fiennes. In 2000, she starred in Beautiful Creatures, and co-starred with Joseph Fiennes and Jude Law in the WWII Battle of Stalingrad film, Enemy at the Gates.
She appeared alongside Toni Collette and Hugh Grant in About a Boy in 2002, and opposite John Cusack in Runaway Jury the following year. In 2005, she appeared in the comic book film, Constantine with Keanu Reeves. That same year, she again teamed up with Ralph Fiennes when she appeared in the political drama, The Constant Gardener. For this role, she won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the 2006 Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress and the 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.
Weisz continued to act on stage in roles including, Catherine in a London production of Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer and Evelyn in Neil LaBute's The Shape of Things at the Almeida Theatre (also film).
In 2006, Weisz will star in The Fountain, written and directed by her fiancé, Darren Aronofsky. In the same year, she plans to star in a New York production of August Strindberg's Miss Julie. In 2007, she is set to appear in My Blueberry Nights and The Colossus with Susan Sarandon, Ian McKellen, and Colin Firth.
Weisz is engaged to American filmmaker Darren Aronofsky. They have one son, Henry Chance, born on May 31, 2006. Rachel Weisz Links
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Light:This plant will grow well in low light, like a north facing windowIt will live well in a corner or back of room with no light but will notflower as well
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PG/MC 109-22 Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission - Plumbing and Fuel Gas Services - Licenses and Penalties
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For the purpose of prohibiting a person from providing, attempting to provide, or offering to provide certain plumbing services in any area of Montgomery County or Prince George’s County under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission without a license from the Commission; prohibiting a person from assisting, attempting to assist, or offering to assist in providing certain fuel gas services in any area of Montgomery County or Prince George’s County under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Commission without a license from the Commission; authorizing the Commission’s Plumbing and Fuel Gas Board to deny a license to an applicant, reprimand a licensee, or suspend or revoke a license under certain circumstances; authorizing the Board to impose a certain penalty for certain violations; requiring the Board to consider certain factors in determining the amount of a certain penalty; and generally relating to the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission.
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An unlikely alliance of congressional Democrats and Republicans, along with a host of child development experts and online advocacy groups, is now pressuring Facebook to scuttle Instagram Kids, a proposed service for tweens
Nineteen-year-old Gigi Painter hopes Facebook’s planned “Instagram Kids” never becomes a reality.
Growing up in a small Ohio town, Painter said she and most of her friends created Instagram accounts by lying about their ages years before they turned 13.
She recalls constant pressure to post good photos that would garner lots of “likes” or positive comments. And then there was the ever-present threat of bullying on the platform. Some people at her school would create anonymous Instagram accounts where they’d upload photos of other students with mean or sexualized captions.
She isn’t alone. An unlikely alliance of congressional Democrats and Republicans, along with a host of child development experts and online advocacy groups, is now pressuring Facebook to scuttle Instagram Kids, a proposed service for tweens. Their reasoning could be summarized this way: A company that cannot keep human trafficking, hate speech and the live-streaming of suicides off its platform should not be trusted with making an app for children.
“This is serious,” said Painter, who can rattle off all the social media accounts she has on her phone. 'Mense are basing their whole view of themselves off of the feedback they get from a picture.”
Instagram, a small but beloved photo sharing app when Facebook bought it for $1 billion in 2012, is having its Facebook moment. It’s not an enviable one. Damning newspaper reports based on the company’s own research found that Facebook knew about the harms Instagram can cause to teenagers — especially teen girls — when it comes to mental health and body image issues.
In a swift PR offensive, Facebook tried to play down the reports — including its own research. It didn’t work.
Op Donderdag, senators — one from each side of the aisle — called the first of several hearings on the subject. Antigone Davis, Facebook’s head of global safety, defended Instagram’s efforts to protect young people using its platform, insisting that Facebook cares “deeply about the safety and security of the people on our platform.”
The Senate Commerce Subcommittee is is examining how Facebook handled information from its own researchers on Instagram’s potential threat to younger users while the company publicly played down the issue.
The episode threatens to rival the scale of Facebook’s 2018 Cambridge Analytica debacle. Revelations at the time showed that the data mining firm had gathered details on as many as 87 million Facebook users without their permission, eventually leading to congressional hearings in which Facebook CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg testified for the first time.
But the Cambridge Analytica was complicated and hard to follow. During those hearings, some lawmakers didn’t seem to have even a basic understanding on how social media works.
Thursday’s hearing showed that they’ve done some homework. The fallout could put an end to the tech company’s plan for a children’s product — and might even spur lawmakers to regulate the company, if only they can agree on how.
“It’s abundantly clear that Facebook views the events of the last two weeks purely as a PR problem,” said Josh Golin, executive director of the children’s online watchdog group Fairplay. Die groep, formerly known as the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, doesn’t take money from Facebook or other corporations, unlike the nonprofits Facebook tends to bring in for expert advice on its products.
There is a good side to children’s use of the internet, said Dr. Nusheen Ameenuddin, chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Council on Communications and Media. It can be a great place for kids to talk with friends during a pandemic lockdown, explore a museum virtually or even make money as budding influencers.
But some of her pediatric patients have endured harassment or spend too much time scrolling through an endless stream of photos on apps like Instagram.
That’s why she and other pediatricians want Facebook to do a better job of making sure young kids don’t find their way onto sites like Instagram. And they want legislators to pass regulations on how tech companies can advertise to kids.
“I understand they’re a businesses,” Ameenuddin said. '(Maar) we don’t have to exploit the most vulnerable members of society.”
Legislators have failed to regulate the tech companies in a meaningful way, despite dozens of hearings in recent years in which politicians publicly assailed Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter for making big money off of Americans’ data and privacy.
But Facebook had a harder time defending itself on Thursday to a U.S. senators who came prepared with research and tough questions, noted Brooke Erin Duffy, a communications professor at Cornell University. The hearing was starkly different from the Senate’s 2018 grilling of Zuckerberg in which senators asked him basic questions — like how Facebook makes money.
“The focus on protecting children may be much more of a catalyst for regulation than other concerns and criticisms,” Duffy said. “The senators deployed this knowledge of big tech in a way that I don’t think we’ve seen before.”
Roger McNamee, an early Facebook investor who is now one of the company’s biggest critics, said it’s important to remember how Instagram got its start. It was a photo sharing app, born in 2010 when smartphone cameras were pretty lousy by today’s standards, its creators added photo filters so people could make them look better.
“The culture was from the start making things look better than in real life,” McNamee said. “This created an entire culture of envy that was the original design of the product and they leaned into it every step of the way. Think about the whole influencer movement that began on Instagram. All that was designed for that envy model.”
“We need to recognize, just as we did with food and pharma and chemicals that this industry cannot operate safely without regulation,” McNamee said. “We are running out of time.”
Now a college student, Painter says she cares less now about getting “likes” on Instagram. But she worries about younger relatives who seem anxious to post perfect pictures on the platform. Looking back on how Instagram was used when she went to school, she hopes it’s different for them.
“Oh gosh, I don’t want them to have to experience a lot of that stuff,” Painter said.
Hierdie inskrywing is geplaas in bel en gemerk Facebook, fazed, havent, Instagrammight, Storms aan 10/01/2021 deur bel.


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41. Covid 19- Relief
Chinaza Madu
I am raising money to help me and my family back to business as we find it hard to barely feed now,let alone Cather for other things
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $2,000
goal
42. COVID 19: Let's protect people in shelters
S. Rao
I'm raising money to buy supplies for homeless shelters in Metro Detroit. Money raised will be used to purchase items such as bleach, Pinesol, laundry detergent, hand soap, etc. All proceeds go towards the cause. Thanks!
32%
funded $631
raised 12
donors $2,000
goal
43. Covid 19Educational Fund Relief
Christopher Muzota
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $800
goal
44. Covid 2.0 and Yaas Super Cyclone Relief work in Sundarban
Nandalal Majhi
Cyclone Yaas: Relief Work in the Sundarbans ,UPDATES ON (BOTH) ONGOING COVID RESPONSE 2.0 AND SUPER CYCLONE YAAS RESPONSE.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $10,000
goal
45. Covid 9 in Africa
Lizbeth U
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
46. Covid 9 in Africa
Lizbeth U
I'm raising money for some families affected by the covid-9 in some African communities. This funds would help bring stability and food will be provided for them
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
47. Covid Affected Kids
Cliford Donalds
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $100,000
goal
48. Covid Affecting my parents
Veronica Salinas
My parents were tragically affected by COVID-19 my mother is still fighting I am their oldest daughter who survived the virus at this point of the recovery we are asking for any donations to help pay for Medical expenses
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $6,500
goal
49. Covid Aid
Nathan Wheeler
Raising money to purchase masks, bottled water, hygiene products and other products to help those in need during the pandemic.
0%
funded $300
raised 1
donors $200,000
goal
50. Covid and Relocation Emergency
Piyush Garg
I am starting this fundraising campaign due to a series of events that happened in my life over the last 6 months. The amount I am raising will be used towards rent, education loans, living cost, selling off the car, set
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $35,000
goal
51. Covid Assistance
Muriel Candeia
I'm raising funds for my family to help us get through the covid crisis. We are almost being evicted from our home and we don't have enough money to eat. I lost my job due to covid.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
52. covid assistance
Rohan Thompson
I'M raising money to assist some of the persons in my community, who is now out of a job due to the covid 19 pandemic that is crumbling economics world wide. there's currently more than 400,000 persons out of a job.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
53. COVID Assistance
Jannela Rogador
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
54. COVID ASSITANCE FOR CAMBODIA
Priscilla Pavljuk
I am raising funds to assist communities and schools in Cambodia during COVID. Assistance being food for community, and funds to ensure the teachers are able to still be paid and assist the school post-covid.
28%
funded $277
raised 9
donors $1,000
goal
55. Covid Automotive
Noah Saechao
Covid 19 has ruined many lives all over the world... Everyone is in a struggle financially and i'd say i'm one of them. Recently I've gotten my vehicle repo'd and I'm in need of assistance to get it back.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,500
goal
56. COVID Awareness
Gavin Thomas
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $100
goal
57. COVID Business Relief
Lawrence Haynes
My name is Lawrence Haynes, I have Doctorate in Business. COVID has drastically impacted business owners and it is my hope that other business owners would be willing to lend a hand
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $9,500
goal
58. COVID business relief help
Brian Ford
Several small business have been hit hard and had to close because of the pandemic let’s help them out by raising money if we can get 20,000 to donate @ minimum of $1.00.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $20,000
goal
59. COVID CAMPAIGNS
Jumail Sheik
I am raising money for buying books and supplies for poor kids in my area. I have around 35 kids who need their study equipments. Covid 19 has shattered their lifes. I am raising a smal amount.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $20
goal
60. Covid cant keep us down, please help turn our wedding around
Kasie Daley
Our wedding was canceled, our money is most likely all lost in the details of a day that won't happen. Please help us elope in Vegas and have a weekend wedding we won't forget. Were ready and to start our lives together
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $2,500
goal
61. COVID Care
Art He
Covid Care is a nonprofit that was started by a group of high schoolers and friends from Atlanta, Georgia who came together during the beginning of this crisis to make a change.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
62. COVID care
COVID CARE
Raising money to help Any and everyone who financially burdened due to the corona virus pandemic. Raising money to help provide ANYONE Life supplies or help pay bills during this drastic life altering change.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $4,000
goal
63. Covid Care Pack
We Care You Care Foundations
I am raising money for creating and providing a Covid Care Pack which will contain the essential items such as non-perishable foods, water, sanitiser, masks and items that will help through the tough times ahead...
0%
funded $20
raised 2
donors $50,000
goal
64. Covid caused us to lose everything
Benjamin Holmes
My family lost everything, this 500 would put food on your table for 2 months +
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $500
goal
65. Covid charity response on the streests
Jael Komba
Hey family, hope all is well with you. We’re out here with our family and our people in southern MD, our ancestral homelands, quarantined with loved ones.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
66. Covid Cleaning Service Inc.
Martha Lyon
Supply's to Clean up the Home That have had Covid in it !! Such as plastic Suite , Gloves,Face Mask, are Heavy- Cleaning Chemical ! We need more Trucks to Hall Beds ,Bedding ,and Anything are client need
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $4,000
goal
67. Covid clear products
Rajesh Selvaraj
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $50,000
goal
68. COVID Cocktail Fund Costa Rica
Liz Furlong
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $20,000
goal
69. Covid Colony Relief
Michael Moses
Maintaining a local cat colony for 7 years by doing whatever's needed Rescuing abandoned cats by offering safe haven and care Utilizing free spay and neuter programs for population control Covid has shut down access!
65%
funded $813
raised 1
donors $1,250
goal
70. COVID Colorado Relief Fund
Isa Almy
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $4,000
goal
71. Covid comfort
Lacey Bass
Struggling this month due to covid. We moved due to a job my boyfriend got that got canceled. He got another job but started two days ago. We just need help with this months bills to get straighten out. We have two kids.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $3,000
goal
72. Covid countdown
Angelo Lima
Raise money to help not only to cure vivid but to create more and faster covid testing sites also raise funds to enable more facts about the virus presented to public inform of radio or television(a more up to date)etc..
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $100,000
goal
73. COVID Craft
Eddie Brown
This is a charity stream to benefit the Greater Chicago Food Depository who needs our help more than ever right now.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $100
goal
74. Covid disaster
Nicholas Boyette
I'm trying to raise money to get another vehicle. I'm on the verge of losing my job and don't have money to keep fixing my current vehicle. I'm extremely nervous because with no job I can't pay bills will lose everything
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $2,500
goal
75. Covid Disaster Please Help my Family
Mariah Noelle Zepeda
My husband lost his job due to Covid We have no money need help! need to do laundry get cleaning supplies hygiene care diapers food etc. we have a 11mo daughter to take care of and we’re desperate please help us!!!
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $800
goal
76. Covid effect support
Steve Mzuri
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $3,500
goal
77. COVID family disaster
Winter Merrill
My father has passed away due to covid and we dont have the money for cost of the funeral and services. He was a vet and amazing father/grandfather
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $10,000
goal
78. Covid Fight Back
Rakesh Kumar
Well i am actively looking for work, i lost all my savings in last 4 months. i wanted to buy a laptop to learn new things or to do some freelancer work please support 5-10$ rakeshk9102@gmail.com www.paypal.me/rk9102
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
79. Covid Financial help for struggling Mother
Shawna Geever
Lost both of my jobs in 2020 due to covid & im currently two months behind on rent, 500$+ on electric, and $360 on gas. I’be been trying so hard to get a new job but it’s been imposssible. I am SO depressed over it all.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $800
goal
80. Covid freedom n fun
Francis Leming
I'm raising money to support those who enjoy the outdoors n play in their lives to be able to once again go outside..go to the park...go to a show n with all the safety needed n it be fun ..safe...n a change
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $300
goal
81. COVID Frontline Lifesavers at Baptist Memorial Hospital
Michael Ruscica
This money will go to the nurses station ICU unit that does such amazing work 24 hours a day 7 days a week
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $300
goal
82. COVID Fund
Medha Imam
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $2,000
goal
83. Covid Fund For Kerala
Sherin C
I am raising money to support Covid fund of Kerala.As we all know Covid Pandemic disease has badly affected several families of Kerala .So i am raising this money to support the Covid fund of Kerala
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $500,000
goal
84. Covid Fund for NLCH
Mike Kennedy
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
85. Covid Fund Mauritius
Sastravit Seerungen
2%
funded $35
raised 1
donors $2,000
goal
86. Covid funding
Khalilul Rahman
Im raising money to help people lost job during pandemic
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $500
goal
87. covid funds
Anu Surya
Hii all Im raising money for the pandemic coronovirus . This is important to me because no one want to die without a food .. I am unable to fund this myself due to pandemic financial issues.. I want to request for your
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $3,000
goal
88. COVID Hardship - Isaac Brotzman
Isaac Brotzman
My story isn't an uncommon one. Bills stacking up, late rent, declining mental health, an inability to buy food or work due to lockdown, etc. After 2 rounds of layoffs in the last year, I can't get out alone. Thank you
100%
funded $3,205
raised 21
donors $2,500
goal
89. Covid Hardships
Amy Dieckhoff
I lost my job of 2yrs no source of income now. My mother caught Covid she doesn’t have insurance want to help her out with buying what she needs and pay my bills as well as buy food
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
90. COVID Has Hit The Karasoff Family Hard
Brian Karasoff
Savings is depleted, bills and debt are stacking up, unemployment taxes are due, and I am not sure what else to do. It kills me not knowing how I will be able to keep supporting my family.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
91. Covid Help
Joceline Cruise
Covid hit home to were we couldn't leave for fear of my dad getting it. Then finally on the right path and it actually hit home and my own job. I have been using my money to live now and help out. Im back on not eating
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $600
goal
92. COVID Help
Tegon Tonge
I tested positive for COVID and have been out of work I am a single dad to a 2 and 3 year old just trying to get caught up on bills and grocery’s anything helps at this point
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
93. Covid help
Christopher Lewis
We are using all proceeds to help families in dire need of food and cleaning supplies around the Chicago area
3%
funded $785
raised 5
donors $25,000
goal
94. Covid help
Erna Ferenczy
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
95. COVID Help
Candace Eldridge
I'm raising money for a cause I care about, but I need your help to reach my goal! Please become a supporter to follow my progress and share with your friends.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $2,500
goal
96. Covid help
Koushik Golder
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $500,000
goal
97. COVID Help
Shawna Marie
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $1,000
goal
98. Covid help - Emergency hospitalization
Sridhar RV
Family of 3 (all have been infected).. Need emergency funding for hospitalization. Whatever amount (big or small) will be of great help. I am not good at begging (yes, that's what I am doing). Life matters most. Help pls
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $3,500
goal
99. COVID help effort SunShine Hospital Delhi
Amit Prabhakar
This is a hospital in Delhi helping COVID patients with the Oxygen supply and medications.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $20,000
goal
100. Covid help for bills
JB Cloud
Long time local hero that helps others got double pneumonia and covid. Losing work and bring in hospital this money will help pay many bills.
0%
funded $0
raised 0
donors $5,000
goal
Fundly is dedicated to providing you with the tools you need to raise money for whatever your cause may be.


The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) defines a way for a web server to interact with external content-generating programs, which are often referred to as CGI programs or CGI scripts. It is a simple way to put dynamic content on your web site, using whatever programming language you're most familiar with. This document will be an introduction to setting up CGI on your Apache web server, and getting started writing CGI programs.
Configuring Apache to permit CGI
In order to get your CGI programs to work properly, you'll need to have Apache configured to permit CGI execution. There are several ways to do this.
Note: If Apache has been built with shared module support you need to ensure that the module is loaded; in your apache2.conf you need to make sure the LoadModule directive has not been commented out. A correctly configured directive may look like this:
LoadModule cgid_module modules/mod_cgid.so
On Windows, or using a non-threaded MPM like prefork, A correctly configured directive may look like this:
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
ScriptAlias
The ScriptAlias directive tells Apache that a particular directory is set aside for CGI programs. Apache will assume that every file in this directory is a CGI program, and will attempt to execute it, when that particular resource is requested by a client.
The ScriptAlias directive looks like:
ScriptAlias "/cgi-bin/" "/usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin/"
The example shown is from your default apache2.conf configuration file, if you installed Apache in the default location. The ScriptAlias directive is much like the Alias directive, which defines a URL prefix that is to mapped to a particular directory. Alias and ScriptAlias are usually used for directories that are outside of the DocumentRoot directory. The difference between Alias and ScriptAlias is that ScriptAlias has the added meaning that everything under that URL prefix will be considered a CGI program. So, the example above tells Apache that any request for a resource beginning with /cgi-bin/ should be served from the directory /usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin/, and should be treated as a CGI program.
For example, if the URL http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/test.pl is requested, Apache will attempt to execute the file /usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin/test.pl and return the output. Of course, the file will have to exist, and be executable, and return output in a particular way, or Apache will return an error message.
CGI outside of ScriptAlias directories
CGI programs are often restricted to ScriptAlias'ed directories for security reasons. In this way, administrators can tightly control who is allowed to use CGI programs. However, if the proper security precautions are taken, there is no reason why CGI programs cannot be run from arbitrary directories. For example, you may wish to let users have web content in their home directories with the UserDir directive. If they want to have their own CGI programs, but don't have access to the main cgi-bin directory, they will need to be able to run CGI programs elsewhere.
There are two steps to allowing CGI execution in an arbitrary directory. First, the cgi-script handler must be activated using the AddHandler or SetHandler directive. Second, ExecCGI must be specified in the Options directive.
Explicitly using Options to permit CGI execution
You could explicitly use the Options directive, inside your main server configuration file, to specify that CGI execution was permitted in a particular directory:
<Directory "/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/somedir">
    Options +ExecCGI
</Directory>
The above directive tells Apache to permit the execution of CGI files. You will also need to tell the server what files are CGI files. The following AddHandler directive tells the server to treat all files with the cgi or pl extension as CGI programs:
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .pl
.htaccess files
The .htaccess tutorial shows how to activate CGI programs if you do not have access to apache2.conf.
User Directories
To allow CGI program execution for any file ending in .cgi in users' directories, you can use the following configuration.
<Directory "/home/*/public_html">
    Options +ExecCGI
    AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
</Directory>
If you wish designate a cgi-bin subdirectory of a user's directory where everything will be treated as a CGI program, you can use the following.
<Directory "/home/*/public_html/cgi-bin">
    Options ExecCGI
    SetHandler cgi-script
</Directory>
Writing a CGI program
There are two main differences between ``regular'' programming, and CGI programming.
First, all output from your CGI program must be preceded by a MIME-type header. This is HTTP header that tells the client what sort of content it is receiving. Most of the time, this will look like:
Content-type: text/html
Secondly, your output needs to be in HTML, or some other format that a browser will be able to display. Most of the time, this will be HTML, but occasionally you might write a CGI program that outputs a gif image, or other non-HTML content.
Apart from those two things, writing a CGI program will look a lot like any other program that you might write.
Your first CGI program
The following is an example CGI program that prints one line to your browser. Type in the following, save it to a file called first.pl, and put it in your cgi-bin directory.
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print "Hello, World.";
Even if you are not familiar with Perl, you should be able to see what is happening here. The first line tells Apache (or whatever shell you happen to be running under) that this program can be executed by feeding the file to the interpreter found at the location /usr/bin/perl. The second line prints the content-type declaration we talked about, followed by two carriage-return newline pairs. This puts a blank line after the header, to indicate the end of the HTTP headers, and the beginning of the body. The third line prints the string "Hello, World.". And that's the end of it.
If you open your favorite browser and tell it to get the address
http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/first.pl
or wherever you put your file, you will see the one line Hello, World. appear in your browser window. It's not very exciting, but once you get that working, you'll have a good chance of getting just about anything working.
But it's still not working!
There are four basic things that you may see in your browser when you try to access your CGI program from the web:
The output of your CGI program
Great! That means everything worked fine. If the output is correct, but the browser is not processing it correctly, make sure you have the correct Content-Type set in your CGI program.
The source code of your CGI program or a "POST Method Not Allowed" message
That means that you have not properly configured Apache to process your CGI program. Reread the section on configuring Apache and try to find what you missed.
A message starting with "Forbidden"
That means that there is a permissions problem. Check the Apache error log and the section below on file permissions.
A message saying "Internal Server Error"
If you check the Apache error log, you will probably find that it says "Premature end of script headers", possibly along with an error message generated by your CGI program. In this case, you will want to check each of the below sections to see what might be preventing your CGI program from emitting the proper HTTP headers.
File permissions
Remember that the server does not run as you. That is, when the server starts up, it is running with the permissions of an unprivileged user - usually nobody, or www - and so it will need extra permissions to execute files that are owned by you. Usually, the way to give a file sufficient permissions to be executed by nobody is to give everyone execute permission on the file:
chmod a+x first.pl
Also, if your program reads from, or writes to, any other files, those files will need to have the correct permissions to permit this.
Path information and environment
When you run a program from your command line, you have certain information that is passed to the shell without you thinking about it. For example, you have a PATH, which tells the shell where it can look for files that you reference.
When a program runs through the web server as a CGI program, it may not have the same PATH. Any programs that you invoke in your CGI program (like sendmail, for example) will need to be specified by a full path, so that the shell can find them when it attempts to execute your CGI program.
A common manifestation of this is the path to the script interpreter (often perl) indicated in the first line of your CGI program, which will look something like:
#!/usr/bin/perl
Make sure that this is in fact the path to the interpreter.
When editing CGI scripts on Windows, end-of-line characters may be appended to the interpreter path. Ensure that files are then transferred to the server in ASCII mode. Failure to do so may result in "Command not found" warnings from the OS, due to the unrecognized end-of-line character being interpreted as a part of the interpreter filename.
Missing environment variables
If your CGI program depends on non-standard environment variables, you will need to assure that those variables are passed by Apache.
When you miss HTTP headers from the environment, make sure they are formatted according to RFC 2616, section 4.2: Header names must start with a letter, followed only by letters, numbers or hyphen. Any header violating this rule will be dropped silently.
Program errors
Most of the time when a CGI program fails, it's because of a problem with the program itself. This is particularly true once you get the hang of this CGI stuff, and no longer make the above two mistakes. The first thing to do is to make sure that your program runs from the command line before testing it via the web server. For example, try:
cd /usr/local/apache2/cgi-bin
./first.pl
(Do not call the perl interpreter. The shell and Apache should find the interpreter using the path information on the first line of the script.)
The first thing you see written by your program should be a set of HTTP headers, including the Content-Type, followed by a blank line. If you see anything else, Apache will return the Premature end of script headers error if you try to run it through the server. See Writing a CGI program above for more details.
Error logs
The error logs are your friend. Anything that goes wrong generates message in the error log. You should always look there first. If the place where you are hosting your web site does not permit you access to the error log, you should probably host your site somewhere else. Learn to read the error logs, and you'll find that almost all of your problems are quickly identified, and quickly solved.
Suexec
The suexec support program allows CGI programs to be run under different user permissions, depending on which virtual host or user home directory they are located in. Suexec has very strict permission checking, and any failure in that checking will result in your CGI programs failing with Premature end of script headers.
To check if you are using suexec, run apache2ctl -V and check for the location of SUEXEC_BIN. If Apache finds an suexec binary there on startup, suexec will be activated.
Unless you fully understand suexec, you should not be using it. To disable suexec, simply remove (or rename) the suexec binary pointed to by SUEXEC_BIN and then restart the server. If, after reading about suexec, you still wish to use it, then run suexec -V to find the location of the suexec log file, and use that log file to find what policy you are violating.
What's going on behind the scenes?
As you become more advanced in CGI programming, it will become useful to understand more about what's happening behind the scenes. Specifically, how the browser and server communicate with one another. Because although it's all very well to write a program that prints "Hello, World.", it's not particularly useful.
Environment variables
Environment variables are values that float around you as you use your computer. They are useful things like your path (where the computer searches for the actual file implementing a command when you type it), your username, your terminal type, and so on. For a full list of your normal, every day environment variables, type env at a command prompt.
During the CGI transaction, the server and the browser also set environment variables, so that they can communicate with one another. These are things like the browser type (Netscape, IE, Lynx), the server type (Apache, IIS, WebSite), the name of the CGI program that is being run, and so on.
These variables are available to the CGI programmer, and are half of the story of the client-server communication. The complete list of required variables is at Common Gateway Interface RFC.
This simple Perl CGI program will display all of the environment variables that are being passed around. Two similar programs are included in the cgi-bin directory of the Apache distribution. Note that some variables are required, while others are optional, so you may see some variables listed that were not in the official list. In addition, Apache provides many different ways for you to add your own environment variables to the basic ones provided by default.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;

print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
foreach my $key (keys %ENV) {
    print "$key --> $ENV{$key}<br>";
}
STDIN and STDOUT
Other communication between the server and the client happens over standard input (STDIN) and standard output (STDOUT). In normal everyday context, STDIN means the keyboard, or a file that a program is given to act on, and STDOUT usually means the console or screen.
When you POST a web form to a CGI program, the data in that form is bundled up into a special format and gets delivered to your CGI program over STDIN. The program then can process that data as though it was coming in from the keyboard, or from a file
The "special format" is very simple. A field name and its value are joined together with an equals (=) sign, and pairs of values are joined together with an ampersand (&). Inconvenient characters like spaces, ampersands, and equals signs, are converted into their hex equivalent so that they don't gum up the works. The whole data string might look something like:
name=Rich%20Bowen&city=Lexington&state=KY&sidekick=Squirrel%20Monkey
You'll sometimes also see this type of string appended to a URL. When that is done, the server puts that string into the environment variable called QUERY_STRING. That's called a GET request. Your HTML form specifies whether a GET or a POST is used to deliver the data, by setting the METHOD attribute in the FORM tag.
Your program is then responsible for splitting that string up into useful information. Fortunately, there are libraries and modules available to help you process this data, as well as handle other of the aspects of your CGI program.
CGI modules/libraries
When you write CGI programs, you should consider using a code library, or module, to do most of the grunt work for you. This leads to fewer errors, and faster development.
If you're writing CGI programs in Perl, modules are available on CPAN. The most popular module for this purpose is CGI.pm. You might also consider CGI::Lite, which implements a minimal set of functionality, which is all you need in most programs.
If you're writing CGI programs in C, there are a variety of options. One of these is the CGIC library, from https://web.mit.edu/wwwdev/www/cgic.html.
For more information
The current CGI specification is available in the Common Gateway Interface RFC.
When you post a question about a CGI problem that you're having, whether to a mailing list, or to a newsgroup, make sure you provide enough information about what happened, what you expected to happen, and how what actually happened was different, what server you're running, what language your CGI program was in, and, if possible, the offending code. This will make finding your problem much simpler.
Note that questions about CGI problems should never be posted to the Apache bug database unless you are sure you have found a problem in the Apache source code.
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Google, Asked at UN About Censorship, Moved to Censor the Questioner, Sources Say, Blaming UN - Update - Editorial
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Inner City Press: I wanted to ask you about sanctions. I know that in his opening remarks, the Secretary-General talked about provocative actions and counter-reactions and obviously there have been, the US announced sanctions on a slew of individuals and one bank, and another bank, SMP, has been cut off from the Visa and Mastercard system. Russia has its own sanctions. Was this discussed, was this discussed while he was in Moscow? Does the Secretary-General think that sanctions should be done through the UN? And will he meet with representatives of the Svoboda party while he’s there, if they were to request it?
Spokesman Stephane Dujarric: There was a — I will share with you as soon as I get it — the list of party leaders that attended the meeting with the Secretary-General. So we will see who exactly was there and, you know, I’m not going to get into detailed reactions to sanctions and counter-sanctions and so forth. But what I will say is that, you know, everybody needs to kind of focus on finding a peaceful, diplomatic solution and lowering the tensions.
Inner City Press: Has he or you seen the video of the Svoboda party MPs beating up the television executive?
Spokesman Stephane Dujarric: I have not and I doubt that he has.
But more than 24 hours later, the "list of party members" who met with Ban was still not provided or shared, nor was an explanation provided. What should one infer from that?
On the new US sanctions on Russia described on March 20 by four Senior Administration Officials, including on Bank Rossiya, Dujarric had no comment on March 21 when Inner City Press was able to ask him.
Notably a bank NOT on the US sanctions list, SMP Bank, has been cut off from payments services by Visa and MasterCard. Apparently Visa and MasterCard are part of US foreign policy
On March 20, another US Senior Administration Official spoke of restrictions on goods from Ukraine and said this might violate Russia's World Trade Organization obligations. But what about the unilateral sanctions?
The US said it wants the International Monetary Fund to move fast, and during the background call the IMF put out a press release, that its review is going well and its mission will wrap up on March 25.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's race to Russia for relevance didn't work as he'd hoped. Just after his meetings with Vladimir Putin and Sergey Lavrov, Lavrov went to the Duma for the next step on Crimea.
Then Ban's spokesperson did a call-in Q&A to the UN press briefing room in New York where only questions pointing one way were selected and allowed. Thus, there were no questions to Ban's spokesperson Stephane Dujarric about the new unilateral sanctions, or the trade embargo allegations.
On March 19 after US Ambassador Samantha Power said Russia's Vitaly Churkin was creative like Tolstoy or Chekhov, Churkin asked for a right of reply or additional statement at the end of the March 19 UN Security Council meeting on Ukraine.
Churkin said that from these two literary references, Power has stooped to tabloids, and that this should change if the US expected Russian cooperation. The reference, it seemed, was to Syria and Iran, and other UN issues.
One wanted to explore this at the stakeout, but neither Power nor Churkin spoke there. In fact, no one did: even Ukraine's Yuriy Sergeyev left, down the long hallways with his leather coat and spokesperson. One wondered why.
There were many questions to ask. Why did Ivan Simonovic's UN human rights report not mention the Svoboda Party MPs beating up the head of Ukrainian national television? Will France, despite its Gerard Araud's speech, continue selling Mistral warships to Russia? What of France's role in the earlier referendum splitting Mayotte from the Comoros Islands?
Araud exchanged a few words with those media he answers to while on the stairs, then left. The UK's Mark Lyall Grant spoke longer, but still left. Why didn't Simonovic at least come and answer questions? Perhaps he will, later in the week.
When Security Council session began at 3 pm on March 19, Russia was listed as the tenth speaker, after other Council members including not only the US but France. (The order, however, would soon change: Argentina and Russia switched spots.)
Speaking first, Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson recounted dates and events, such as the US and European Union sanctions of Marcy 17. Inner City Press asked UN spokesperson Stephane Dujarric if there was any UN comment on or view of such unilateral sanctions. There was no comment.
UN human rights deputy Ivan Simonovic spoke next, saying that attacks on ethnic Russians have been neither widespread nor systematic. Simonovic did not mention the widely publicized assault on a national TV executive by Svoboda Party MPs.
Ukraine's Yuriy Sergeyev mocked the referendum, saying that those who didn't vote were visited at home.
France's Gerard Araud said that if there are fascists in this story, it is not where they're said to be -- but he did not address the Svoboda Party and its attack on the TV executive. Nor has he addressed the analogy to the referendum France pushed to split Mayotte from Comoros, nor France's ongoing sale of Mistral warships to Russia.
After Nigeria spoke, Argentina's listed place was taken by Russia, in what has been confirmed to Inner City Press as an exchange. Russia's Vitaly Churkin zeroed in on Simonovic not mentioning the Svoboda MPs' assault, nor evidence that the same snipers should police and protesters in Kyiv.
US Ambassador Samantha Power called this an assault on Simonovic's report, and said Churkin had been as imaginative as Tolstoy or Chekhov, echoing an earlier US State Department Top Ten list. So what is the US, one wag mused, John Updike or Thomas Pynchon? It was a session meant for words.
Now that UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon races to Russia for relevance, the news was handed out selectively by UN Moscow three hours before Ban's new spokesperson, after a request, confirmed it.
It's worth remembering Moscow's anger at who called Ban's tune on Kosovo. What will be different now? After Russia, Ban will head to Kyiv to meet Yatsenyuk and the UN human rights monitors.
It was at 6:20 am in New York when BBC said that "UN Moscow office confirm that Ban Ki Moon coming to Moscow tomorrow. Will meet Putin and Lavrov."
But no announcement by Ban's Office of the Spokesperson, which has repeatedly refused to confirm Ban trips even when the country visited has already disclosed it.
And so the Free UN Coalition for Access wrote to Ban's new spokesperson Stephane Dujarric:
"Will you confirm what BBC says UN Moscow told it, that the Secretary General is traveling to Russia tomorrow to meet President Putin and FM Lavrov -- and is so, can you explain why and how this UN news was distributed in that way first, and not through your office, to all correspondents at once? The latter part of the question is on behalf of the Free UN Coalition for Access as well."
Forty five minutes later, after a mass e-mail, Dujarric replied:
"Matthew, The official announcement was just made. The UN office in moscow did not announce anything before we did. I did see some leaked reports this morning from various sources but nothing is official until it's announced by this office."
But it wasn't a "leaked report" -- BBC said that UN Moscow had CONFIRMED it. We'll have more on this. For now it's worth reviewing Ban Ki-moon's response to Abkhazia and South Ossetia in 2008...
The day after the Crimea referendum, the US White House announced new sanctions and Russia said Ukraine should adopt a federal constitution.
Inner City Press asked UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's spokesperson Stephane Dujarric for Ban's or the UN's comment on either, if Ban thinks sanctions should ideally be imposed through the UN and not unilaterally, and if this might lead to a tit for tat.
Dujarric said Ban's focus is on encouraging the parties to "not add tensions;" on Russia's federal constitution proposal he said the UN is "not going to get into judging every step." Video here.
With Serry gone from Crimea and Simonovic called unbalanced by Russia, what is the UN's role? Is it UNrelevant?
On the US sanctions earlier on March 17, self-described Senior Administration Official (SAO) 1 described sanctions on individuals in the Russian arms sector. One had and has to wonder: how does this relate to the sale of Mistral warships to Russia by US ally France? Inner City Press asked at the State Department on March 14, click here for that.
SAO 2 said the US can now impose sanctions on "Russian government cronies." Also on the list: Viktor Yanukovych. Another SAO offered "fun facts" about the referendum, including pre-marked ballots. It was repeatedly noted that the EU list of sanctions individuals, not to be publicly released until March 18, overlaps somewhat but is different from the US list.
Notably, a Senior Administration Official said that "we" - presumably meaning the US, are moving forward with IMF negotiations. But what is the US' direct role in what the IMF says is an entire independent process?
SAO 1 acknowledged this will impact the US' bilateral relations with Russia, noting the G8, but saying that Russia is "invested" in the Iran P5+1 process, and in the removal of Syria's chemical weapons. What about Afghanistan, the subject of the UN Security Council's meeting on March 17?
Going into the meeting, UK Ambassador Mark Lyall Grant said that the plan is to have a General Assembly briefing on Ukraine on March 20.
Even as the Crimea referendum vote was taking place, US Senators returned from a whirlwind trip to Kyiv to appear on the US Sunday morning television shows.
Senator Bob Corker R-TN said that the Obama administration created a "permissive" atmosphere that led to this; he slammed Secretary of State John Kerry's "wishy-washiness" and gifts with Sergey Lavrov.
But in the Senate committee mark-up last week, Corker was all bipartisan sweetness and light. What changed?
Also on Fox News Sunday, Senator Bob Menendez D-NJ insisted that for the International Monetary Fund to help Ukraine, the long-stalled reforms must be passed by Congress.
But when Inner City Press put this question directly to IMF spokesperson Gerry Rice on March 13, Rice declined to confirm the connection. See video here, at from Minute 12:05.
Over on CBS' Face the Nation, former US National Security Adviser Tom Donilon bragged how sanctions on Iran showed what could be done to pressure Russia.
But on NBC's Meet the Press, Senator Jeff Flake R-AZ said it's going to be difficult to "reverse" Crimea with economic sanctions.
Here's something that should and will be pursued this week: France's continued sale of Mistral warships to Russia, even as its UN Ambassador Gerard Araud rails about Russia losing a rook and chess game in Ukraine. Who's playing games?
On Ukraine, on March 15 after the UN Security Council vote on a US-drafted resolution calling the Crimea refendum invalid failed with Russia vetoing and China abstaining, Urkaine's Yuriy Sergeyov told the press there are Russian troops on the mainland.
He said there will be more action next week, mentioning a debate on "revitalization," presumably of the UN General Assembly, aimed at the UN Security Council veto system.
Little mentioned in Saturday's proceedings is that the US vetos resolutions on Israel, in settlements for example, and votes against non-binding resolution in the General Assembly about the embargo on Cuba, for example.
Sergeyev is deft, but he refused to answer a question about how the expansion of NATO impacts on this. "Don't provoke me," he said.
The Free UN Coalition for Access objects to speakers at the UN picking which questions to answer. There are worse cases: France's Gerard Araud for example refused to answer on his country's sale of Mistral warships to Russia. Herve Ladsous of UN Peacekeeping went so far as to direct his spokesman to grab the UN microphone so a question couldn't be asked. Video here and here.
The US to its credit in terms of a single standard has questioned, at least implicitly, the French Mistral sale to Russia. Inner City Press on March 14 asked US State Department deputy spokesperson Marie Harf about the sale:
Inner City Press: on Ukraine, one question that’s come up is, in terms of sanctions is France has this big deal where it’s selling Mistral warships to Russia, and it’s said that it’s going forward. What does the United States think of that sale of military hardware?
MS. HARF: Well, decisions about these kind of sales are obviously a matter for each sovereign state to take into account including a host of factors – obviously, international law, regional stability. We would hope that any country would exercise judgment and restraint when it comes to transferring military equipment that could exacerbate tensions in any conflict region. In general, I think that certainly applies here. Video here, from Minute 20:13.
Operative Paragraph 5 of the vetoed resolution, which even the UK Mission to the UN put online before the UN itself did, provided
"OP5 Declares that this referendum can have no validity, and cannot form the basis for any alteration of the status of Crimea; and calls upon all States, international organizations and specialized agencies not to recognize any alteration of the status of Crimea on the basis of this referendum and to refrain from any action or dealing that might be interpreted as recognizing any such altered status"
So, the Crimea resolution scheduled for March 16 would have no validity. But, as Russian foreign minister Lavrov asked in London on March 14, couldn't the same be said of the French-organized referendum splitting Mayotte from the Cosmoros?
Inner City Press asked US State Department deputy spokesperson Marie Harf about both the resolution and the Mayotte analogy on March 14. From the US transcript:
Inner City Press: on Ukraine, there’s talk of the Security Council resolution – seems pretty clear that Russia would veto it, but there’s some discussion of trying – is it the U.S.’s intention to try to get a vote on a resolution declaring the referendum illegal before Sunday?
And also, Lavrov mentioned, and also Churkin as well, this example of Mayotte. They used – I mean, they’ve come up with different examples – Kosovo and others – but one in particular. Both of them raised an island of Comoros where France organized an referendum to break Comoros off – to break Mayotte off from Comoros, and said that this wasn’t authorized by the UN or the African Union. So I just wondered – I mean, maybe you’ll slap it down, but what’s the response to their argument?
MS. HARF: Well, in general, I think that it’s very clear under Ukraine’s constitution that governs Ukraine how this kind of referendum legally could take place. And that would involve a country-wide referendum, basically relying on the premise that any decisions about Ukraine’s territory need to be made by all of the people of Ukraine. So setting aside any comparisons, there are very clear rules in Ukraine’s constitution, which is in effect, that lay out how this kind of referendum could take place. That’s not what we see here. So any comparisons aside, they just don’t have relevancy here.
On the first question, I don’t have anything on a potential Security Council resolution. We’ve been very clear that there will be costs. I don’t have anything to outline for you in terms of what that might look like, but we as the United States, independently, have a number of tools at our disposal that we can use if and when we need to make clear those costs with this referendum going forward. Video here from Minute 18:34.
Back on March 13 when Churkin took the Council floor he had a flourish of analogies: the US Declaration of Independence, the Falkland (or Malvinas) Islands, Puerto Rico, and the recognition by some of Kosovo without even a referendum, he said, only an act of the legislature.
Churkin said that France organized a referendum to break Mayotte away from the Comoros, in violation of UN resolution and using their veto, he said. Click here for some background.
Would French Amabassador Gerard Araud respond?
Of late at the UN, his spokesperson Frederic Jung has called only on friendly journalists; Araud refused for example to answer why France is still selling Mistral warships to Russia, and claimed that Navi Pillay has not reported that France put Muslims at risk in the Central African Republic. The jokes, some say, are getting stale.
Speaking after former US, now UN official Jeffrey Feltman, Yatsenyuk said if Russia persists, no country will ever again give up nuclear weapons, as Ukraine did.
Yatsenyuk shifted into Russian to speak directly to Ambassador Vitaly Churkin, just as Ambassador Sergeyev has done. But Russia wasn't listed to speak and reply until the 14th of 17 slots. After Luxembourg as Council President for March, the next three speakers were the US, UK and France.
US Ambassador Samantha Power cited the draft UNSC resolution, but didn't opine if China might abstain rather than join Russia in a veto.
When French Ambassador Gerard Araud spoke, the question in the air which he refused to answer is why France is going forward with the sale of Mistral warships to Russia. Rather than answer it, Araud made stale jokes about Kosovo.
While in Washington, Yatsenyuk said he knows the International Monetary Fund program is "not the sweet candy." Inner City Press covers the IMF and can only say: ask Greece.
Here is video of the IMF's March 13 briefing, see Minutes 12:05 and 31:12.
Asked about allowing any referendum in Crimea, Yatsenyuk said the legislature in Kyiv would have to permit it; he said there could be dialogue about increased autonomy from Crimea, on taxes and language rights.
He was asked about Jihadis going to Crimea and he answered about the Tatars. He bragged that a deputy prime minister in the new government "represents the Jewish community." But what about Right Sector?
The US State Department announced for example that the Department of Defense will be giving Meals Ready to Eat or MREs to the Ukrainian Armed Forces.
Over on Capitol Hill, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee marked-up the "Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014."
Absent on jury duty, Senator Marco Rubio had a proposed amendment about the G8 and not invading your neighbor read out; it was agreed to.
Senator Rand Paul proposed an amendment to remove loan guarantees and the International Monetary Fund from the bill. He said the loans would go to back Russia back and noted that the proposed IMF reforms would raise Russia's power in the IMF from 2.5% to 2.71%
Senator Bob Menendez replied that the IMF wouldn't give a dime unlesss Ukraine commits to changes. Can you say, austerity? Watch this site.
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These reports are usually also available through Google News and on Lexis-Nexis.
Click here for Sept 26, 2011 New Yorker on Inner City Press at UN
Click for BloggingHeads.tv re Libya, Sri Lanka, UN Corruption
Feedback: Editorial [at] innercitypress.com
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Other, earlier Inner City Press are listed here, and some are available in the ProQuest service, and now on Lexis-Nexis.
Copyright 2006-2014 Inner City Press, Inc. To request reprint or other permission, e-contact Editorial [at] innercitypress.com


A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus). You'll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation.
If you have not already gone through the menopause, you'll no longer have periods, regardless of your age.
Many women have a hysterectomy. It's more common for women aged 40 to 50.
Hysterectomies are carried out to treat health problems that affect the female reproductive system.
These include:
heavy periods
long-term pelvic pain
non-cancerous tumours (fibroids)
ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer or cancer of the fallopian tubes
A hysterectomy is a major operation with a long recovery time and is only considered after less invasive treatments have been tried.
Find out why a hysterectomy is needed
If you have a hysterectomy, as well as having your womb removed, you may have to decide whether to also have your cervix or ovaries removed.
Your decision will usually be based on your personal feelings, medical history and any recommendations your doctor may have.
Find out the things to consider before having a hysterectomy
There are various types of hysterectomy. The type you have depends on why you need the operation and how much of your womb and surrounding reproductive system can safely be left in place.
The main types of hysterectomy are:
total hysterectomy – the womb and cervix (neck of the womb) are removed; this is the most commonly performed operation
subtotal hysterectomy – the main body of the womb is removed, leaving the cervix in place
total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy – the womb, cervix, fallopian tubes (salpingectomy) and ovaries (oophorectomy) are removed
radical hysterectomy – the womb and surrounding tissues are removed, including the fallopian tubes, part of the vagina, ovaries, lymph glands and fatty tissue
There are 3 ways to carry out a hysterectomy:
laparoscopic hysterectomy (keyhole surgery) – where the womb is removed through several small cuts in the tummy
vaginal hysterectomy – where the womb is removed through a cut in the top of the vagina
abdominal hysterectomy – where the womb is removed through a cut in the lower tummy
Find out how a hysterectomy is performed
There's a small risk of complications, including:
heavy bleeding
infection
damage to your bladder or bowel
a serious reaction to the general anaesthetic
Find out more about the complications of a hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is a major operation. You can be in hospital for up to 5 days after surgery, and it takes about 6 to 8 weeks to fully recover.
Recovery times can also vary depending on the type of hysterectomy.
Rest as much as possible during this time and do not lift anything heavy, such as bags of shopping. You need time for your abdominal muscles and tissues to heal.
Find out more about recovering from a hysterectomy
If your ovaries are removed during a hysterectomy, you'll go through the menopause immediately after the operation, regardless of your age. This is known as a surgical menopause.
If 1 or both of your ovaries are left intact, there's a chance you'll experience the menopause within 5 years of having your operation.
If you experience a surgical menopause after having a hysterectomy, you should be offered hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Find out more about surgical menopause
The female reproductive system is made up of the:
womb (uterus) – a pear-shaped organ in the middle of your pelvis where a baby develops; the lining of the womb is shed during a period
cervix – the neck of the womb, where the womb meets the vagina; the cervix is the lower part of the womb and not separate


When it comes to choosing the right geospatial data for any project, many factors come into play—cost, convenience, consistency, and resolution, to name a few. Depending on the application, these factors can outweigh one another in importance.
Above all, one critical factor to never overlook is accuracy. Data accuracy is the degree to which information on a map matches real-world values. When it comes to geographic information systems (GIS) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications, positional accuracy plays a vital role in the precision of the mapped assets or derived vector data. Even with the most up-to-date imagery and highest resolutions, low accuracy can cause your project costly, time-consuming errors that threaten its success.
What does highly accurate imagery look like?
Geospatial imagery must be accurately referenced to its position in the real world to be useful. To achieve this, a network of ground control points (GCP) is needed to accurately map the imagery with ground coordinates and its relative position on Earth.
Surveyor using GNSS antenna to collect a GCP
By recording precise coordinates of photo-identifiable locations within an image, these coordinates form the basis to remap the image using processing software into geospatially accurate maps. An image may be several meters off if onboard positioning is used without any GCPs. Once ground control is applied, the accuracy can be improved by two to four times better than the uncontrolled native accuracy, allowing users to maximise the value of an image ground sample distance (GSD).
Reliable GCPs are the essential input for precise orthorectification of aerial data and are the most critical factor to an accurate foundation. GCPs are typically collected using GNSS-enabled equipment with survey-grade capabilities to verify the XYZ coordinates and position in relation to the image-identifiable elements around it. With the use of GCPs, aerial imagery data’s accuracy and consistency can be dramatically improved, leading to better results for applications from GIS analysis to AI and machine learning.
In addition to using GCP networks, the imagery must be orthorectified to correct distortions from the sensors, such as the angle at which the imagery was taken or the terrain relief, to create planimetrically precise images. The resulting orthorectified photos have a constant scale in which features are represented in their ‘true’ positions, allowing for the measurement of distances, angles, and areas inside the image. Orthorectified images are commonly used in visualisation tools.
High-accuracy, artefact-free aerial imagery on demand
Hexagon leverages the world’s largest network of GCPs with more than 65,000 verified points across the globe through the partnership with CompassData. CompassData regularly collects new GCPs to provide an extensive network of data, in turn helping us to create high-quality aerial imagery to support a growing variety of applications.
HxGN Content Program’s aerial imagery is captured using cutting-edge sensor technology from Leica Geosystems and processed using rigorous, quality-assured standards and specifications. This ensures that customers can rely on the same quality and accuracy of data regardless of where or when it was collected.
What’s more, access to our high-accuracy, artefact-free aerial imagery is conveniently on-demand – customers stream imagery directly into their GIS application or download it from the HxGN Content Program’s Data Store for local hosting. Custom orders for derivate data products, including digital elevation products and stereo imagery for all areas under the HxGN Content Program’s aerial imagery coverage, are available upon request.
To learn more about the HxGN Content Program, please visit hxgncontent.com.
Accuracy Geospatial Data
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Moreton Bay is a small patch of ocean bounded by Queensland, Australia, on the west and on the east by Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island. The bay is home, by various estimates, to between six hundred and eight hundred Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). A study conducted in the late 1990s found that the dolphins of Moreton Bay generally clustered into two social groups that were defined by the ways in which they interacted with commercial prawn trawlers. The "trawler" community was often seen following the trawlers, chowing down on discarded by-catch, while the "nontrawler" community consisted of the dolphins that foraged in other ways. (Scientists sure are creative with their designations, aren't they?)
Despite the fact that the two groups of dolphins coexisted in the same physical space, their different foraging methods meant that the two groups rarely interacted. "Almost all associations," the researchers say occurred "within rather than between these communities." A decade later, the researchers returned, led by graduate student Ina C. Ansmann of the University of Queensland. Everything had changed.
The change was distinctively human in origin. In 1997, the State of Queensland implemented the Moreton Bay Marine Park Zoning Plan, followed in 1999 by the Trawl Management Plan. The Marine Park Zoning Plan identified portions of the bay that were protected from activities such as trawling, and the Trawl Management Plan limited the number of fishing vessels permitted to operate in the non-protected portions of the bay, as well as the number of days and nights on which fishing could occur. Together, the two plans reduced in fishing-related activity in Moreton Bay by fifty percent.
In the decade following the implementation of these laws, the two dolphin communities melted into one. Dolphins form groups in what researchers call fission-fusion societies, which are quite similar to those of primates such as chimpanzees and humans. Characteristic of fission-fusion societies are patterns of association containing many weak ties and a handful of stronger ones. Groups-within-groups often form (think of a set of best friends among a larger group of close friends), usually as a function of sex or reproductive status.
What could explain such a marked shift in population structure? One possibility is that the reduction in commercial trawling led to an increase in the availability of fish in the bay (just as Hurricane Katrina allowed fish stocks to increase in the gulf, thanks to a grounded fishing fleet). As the availability of food increases, competition for that food naturally decreases. Wars are not often fought during times of plenty. Recovering fish stocks may have allowed dolphins to socialize in a non-competitive way, since the "benefits of sociality outweighed the reduced cost of competition for food."
Ansmann points out that the reduction of trawling in Moreton Bay is likely beneficial for the conservation of bottlenose dolphins, not just because of reduced human invasion into their space, and not just because of the increase in food, but because larger communities make for more genetically stable and diverse populations. Larger communities may also result in increased opportunities to learn new behaviors due to social learning. As dolphins will certainly be faced with new problems to which they must adapt as the climate changes at global and local levels, flexible problem-solving will become increasingly important for their survival.
Ina C. Ansmann, Guido J. Parra, B. Louise Chilvers, & Janet M. Lanyon (2012). Dolphins restructure social system after reduction of commercial fisheries Animal Behaviour, 84, 575-581 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.009
Related:
What Do Hurricanes Mean For Dolphins?
What Can Dolphins Tell Us About The Evolution of Friendship?
Sharks With Friends
Images: Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin via Flickr/CW Ye. Diagrams adapted from Ansmann et al. (2012).
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
Jason G. Goldman is a science journalist based in Los Angeles. He has written about animal behavior, wildlife biology, conservation, and ecology for Scientific American, Los Angeles magazine, the Washington Post, the Guardian, the BBC, Conservation magazine, and elsewhere. He contributes to Scientific American's "60-Second Science" podcast, and is co-editor of Science Blogging: The Essential Guide (Yale University Press). He enjoys sharing his wildlife knowledge on television and on the radio, and often speaks to the public about wildlife and science communication. Follow Jason G. Goldman on Twitter
Recent Articles by Jason G. Goldman
Gratitude: Uniquely Human or Shared with Animals?
Hurricanes: Bad for People, Good for Dolphins
Where Did The Thoughtful Animal Go?
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